Overcoming neoliberal globalization: social-ecological transformation from a Polanyian perspective and beyond - Brand, Ulrich; Görg, Christoph; Wissen, Markus (Globalizations, 2020)
The ecological crisis has intensified in many respects. Prominent proposals to deal with the crisis are discussed under the header 'sustainability transformations' or even 'Great Transformation'. We argue that most contributions suffer from a narrow analytical approach to transformation ignoring the largely unsustainable dynamics of global capitalism and the power relations involved in it. Thus, a 'new critical orthodoxy' of knowledge about transformation is emerging which runs the danger to contribute to a spatially and socially highly uneven green capitalism. This article claims that the current debate on social-ecological transformation can be enriched by a Polanyian understanding but also based on regulation theory. We distinguish between three types of transformation: incremental adaptation of the current institutional systems, institutional change in favour of a new 'green' phase of capitalism, and a post-capitalist great transformation that implies a profound structural change of the mode of production and living.
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; capitalism; crises; debates & debating; ecological crisis; globalization; imperial mode of living; nature as fictitious commodity; regulation theory; social ecology; social-ecological transformation; sustainability

Tim Rogan. The Moral Economists: R. H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E. P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism. - Dale, Gareth (The American Historical Review, 2019)
When the capitalist system hits the rocks and neoclassical economics loses its aura, alternative traditions invite attention. Tim Rogan’s The Moral Economists i
Keywords: The Moral Economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism (book); book review; capitalism

The political economy of family policy expansion: Fostering neoliberal capitalism or promoting gender equality supporting social reproduction? - Ferragina, Emanuele (Review of International Political Economy, 2019)
This article presents a new theoretical and empirical approach to understand family policy expansion in relation to the political economy of welfare state retrenchment and social reproduction in 23 OECD countries. From a Polanyian perspective, this expansion can be interpreted as a movement toward commodification and liberalization, and a countermovement of gender liberation. The first movement seems to characterize family policy expansion as a tool to foster neoliberal capitalism and the advent of a Schumpeterian Workfare State, conspiring with welfare state retrenchment to encourage employment within an environment of growing precarization. The second movement appears to assuage the social reproduction crisis. This countermovement seems to act as a cushion to soften the shift from a male income earner toward a dual earner model, supporting working parents in meeting escalating childare costs. Looking at the expansion of childcare spending and the retrenchment of minimum income guarantees for couples with children, an empirical illustration of this concomitant 'double movement' reveals that the first holds sway over the second in most countries. Furthermore, household income and maternal levels of education impact on childcare usage, magnifying the negative distributional consequences of cutting minimum income guarantees in favor of childcare.
Keywords: Schumpeterian workfare state; childcare; commodification; countermovement; family policy; gender equality; neoliberalism; social reproduction; welfare state retrenchment

On Misunderstanding the Second Contradiction Thesis - Rudy, Alan P. (Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 2019)
James O'Connor's "second contradiction" thesis is widely misunderstood as an ecological crisis theory. Most of the criticisms of the theory derive from this misreading, including those which ignore relations between ecological, personal and communal conditions and those which see the "first" and "second" contradictions as materially distinct. O'Connor himself is partially responsible for the misreading, however. His writings tended to put the ecological out front, and his use of Polanyi's romantic idea of "fictitious commodities" reinforced that tendency. The defense developed here rejects ecologistic readings, ties the second contradiction thesis backwards and forwards in O'Connor's work, unpacks the meaning of "conditions" for Marx and O'Connor, and suggests that Neil Smith's argument that capitalist second natural relations generate qualitatively new processes by which nature, human nature and space are produced would have served O'Connor better.
Keywords: MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; O'CONNOR, James; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; SMITH, Neil; conditions of production; contradiction; ecological Marxism; ecologism; environmental marxism; human behavior; second contradiction

SEE Beyond Substantive Economics: Avoiding False Dichotomies - Spash, Clive L. (Ecological Economics, 2019)
The proposal has been put forward that ecological economics seek to become substantive economics (Gerber and Scheidel 2018). This raises important issues about the content and direction of ecological economics. The division of economics into either substantive or formal derives from the work of Karl Polanyi. In developing his ideas Polanyi employed a definition from Menger and combined this with Tönnies theory of historical evolution. In this paper I explore why the resulting substantive vs. formal dichotomy is problematic. In particular the article exposes the way in which trying to impose this dichotomy on history of economic thought and epistemology leads to further false dichotomies. Besides Polanyi, the positions of other important thinkers informing social ecological economics (SEE) are discussed including Neurath, Kapp and Georgescu-Roegen. The aim is to clarify the future direction of ecological economics and the role in that future of ideas raised under the topic of substantive economics.
Keywords: economic anthropology; epistemology; formal economics; history of thought; social ecological economics; substantive economics

Karl Polanyi, the "always-embedded market economy," and the re-writing of The Great Transformation - Lacher, Hannes (Theory & Society, 2019)
This article seeks to subject Fred Block and Margaret Somers' influential reconstruction of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation to a systematic review. I show that Block & Somers's central claim—that Polanyi's thinking underwent a "theoretical shift" as he wrote his seminal book—is not supported by archival evidence. I demonstrate that all the narrative keys that Block & Somers advance to lend plausibility to their discovery of a "theory of the always-embedded market economy" in The Great Transformation, wither under critical probing. While this article does not advance a comprehensive alternative reconstruction of Polanyi's main work, the essential continuities it uncovers in his social thought suggest that Polanyi's book is best understood as the culmination of his long-standing efforts to rebuild a radically transformative socialism on non-Marxist foundations. The recognition that Polanyi's political purposes extend far beyond regulated capitalism or social-democracy, I conclude, makes it possible—and indeed necessary—to read The Great Transformation as an internally coherent work of social theory.
Keywords: BLOCK, Fred L.; SOMERS, Margaret R.; capitalism and socialism; critical institutionalism; economic sociology; fascism; neo-Polanyian social theory; political economy

De-privatisation and remunicipalisation of urban services through the pendulum swing: Evidence from Germany - Weber, Gabriel; Cabras, Ignazio; Frahm, Lars-Gunnar (Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019)
This paper explores and examines the distribution of environmental conflicts in Germany between 1985 and 2015, analysing the main causes for environmental conflicts related to privatisation and de-privatisation processes of urban services in 80 German cities. Using information collected via means of a Delphi Method based on focus groups with experts, we identify 90 cases of large-scale privatisation initiatives involving urban services occurred in different fields within the period considered. In 38 cases, privatisation was reversed due to initiatives undertaken by environmental justice organisations and other local grassroots groups promoting de-privatisation and re-municipalisation. In another 30 cases, privatisation was prevented as a result of these initiatives. Findings from our analysis indicate that de-privatisation initiatives and potential conflicts related to them are frequently driven by grassroots organisations promoting the provision of commons-based urban services. Our findings also suggest that privatising services in the energy, water supply and waste management sectors is likely to negatively affect the quality of service supply and increasing prices for urban residents. Image 1 • This paper explores ecological conflicts in Germany by using comparative analysis, statistics, and political ecology. • It investigates the main causes for conflicts related to privatisation and de-privatisation of urban services. • With a Delphi Method and focus groups with experts, we identify 90 cases of large-scale privatisation. • 38 initiatives of de-privatisation are identified, many driven by grassroots organizations reclaiming the concept of commons. • De-privatisation initiatives indicate a pendulum swing towards more socially controlled production.
Keywords: Delphi method; Germany; Polanyi's pendulum; city dwellers; environmental justice; pendulums; political ecology; privatisation and de-privatisation; remunicipalisation; services and utilities; sustainable cities; urban areas; water supply management

Global Cities as Market Civilisation - Curtis, Simon (Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations, 2019)
Building upon interdisciplinary efforts to understand the origins, logic and significance of global cities, this article argues that global cities should be seen as a critical component and outcome of a political project to generate a global market society. Global cities should be seen as the successful implementation of free-market political philosophy, constructed and defended by a particular historical configuration of international society. The historical transformation of urban form signalled by the "global city" concept is tightly bound to the neoliberal restructuring of the world economy in the 1970s, underpinned by US hegemonic power. The first part of this article argues that the distinctive historical origin of global cities has shaped their current trajectories and draws the horizon of their future prospects. Having established the connection between liberal world order and global cities, the second part of the article argues that the contemporary form of the global city is under threat from two sources. The first threat is internal to the global city form itself. Global cities have internalised the contradictory forces of market liberalism. They have registered astonishing economic growth over the last four decades, and generated vast material and intellectual resources. But, at the same time, they have become deeply divided and polarised in ways that threaten the urban fabric. The second source of threat comes from the possible weakening or collapse of liberal world order, with the accelerating decline of US hegemony. Drawing on aspects of Karl Polanyi's analysis of the nineteenth-century "great transformation", the article argues that a number of future trajectories for the global city can be identified in the contemporary moment.
Keywords: global city; market liberalism

Networked but Commodified: The (Dis)Embeddedness of Digital Labour in the Gig Economy - Wood, Alex J; Graham, Mark; Lehdonvirta, Vili; Hjorth, Isis (Sociology, 2019)
This article investigates the (dis)embeddedness of digital labour within the remote gig economy. We use interview and survey data to highlight how platform workers in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are normatively disembedded from social protections through a process of commodification. Normative disembeddedness leaves workers exposed to the vagaries of the external labour market due to an absence of labour regulations and rights. It also endangers social reproduction by limiting access to healthcare and requiring workers to engage in significant unpaid 'work-for-labour'. However, we show that these workers are also simultaneously embedded within interpersonal networks of trust, which enable the work to be completed despite the low-trust nature of the gig economy. In bringing together the concepts of normative and network embeddedness, we reconnect the two sides of Polanyi's thinking and demonstrate the value of an integrated understanding of Polanyi's approach to embeddedness for understanding contemporary economic transformations.
Keywords: commodification; digital labour; disembeddedness; embeddedness; freelancing; gig economy; outsourcing

When Corporations Changed Their Social Role—and Upended Our Politics - Lemann, Nicholas (Wall Street Journal - Online Edition, 2019)
Large companies once offered workers lifetime security and generous benefits. Then they stopped, setting the stage for our populist moment.
Keywords: DRUCKER, Peter; General Motors Co.; JENSEN, Michael C.; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; WILSON, Charles Erwin, 1890-1961; domestic politics; elections; general news; international relations; national; political; politics; presidential elections; social role

Contesting household debt in Croatia: the double movement of financialization and the fetishism of money in Eastern European peripheries - Mikuš, Marek (Dialectical Anthropology, 2019)
Croatia has experienced a marked boom in household debt in the 2000s. Much of this lending took high-risk and predatory forms that transferred significant risks to debtors, which in turn became the target of contestation by debt activists. This paper uses the Polanyian idea of "double movement" to show how the Croatian debt contestations responded to the distinctively peripheral form of financialization in Eastern Europe, characterized by unequal geoeconomic relationships and an intensified expropriation of debtors. This framework further highlights the importance of money in contemporary credit/debt relationships and their contestation, which has so far received insufficient attention in relevant anthropological scholarship. Instead of the currently fashionable credit theories of money, the paper uses the Marxian concept of the fetishism of money to unpack the roles of money in these processes. The analysis of discourses and practices of two groups of debtors and activists reveals how they used nationalist ideological frameworks and institutional channels such as litigation, again largely ignored by existing anthropological literature, to challenge the particular inequalities of peripheral financialization and the expropriation of debtors through the lenders' predatory manipulations of the money fetish.
Keywords: Croatia; Eastern Europe; consumer credit; contestation; debtor & creditor; financialization; household debt; money

Islam, entrepreneurship, and embeddedness - Tok, M. Evren; Kaminski, Joseph Jon (Thunderbird International Business Review, 2019)
This study centers on the premise that entrepreneurship is an embedded process. Although "the entrepreneur" is inherently an "individual," entrepreneurship can never be fully disembedded from the more general social settings within which any business venture is situated. An Islamic‐based economic discursive framework should be cognizant of the different forms of sociality, spatiality, and community as well as the various norms, codes, and symbols that define society more generally. The work of Karl Polanyi on embeddedness is engaged and juxtaposed with Islam's understanding of the ideal mode of economic discursive practices. Islamic economic models and Polanyi are both critical of the corrosive effects of unbridled capitalism and individualism that ultimately lead to reification and exploitation. The conclusion recommends more small‐N case studies by researchers and entrepreneurial educational materials that emphasize the importance of networks and local embeddedness.
Keywords: Islam; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; discursive practices; economic models; entrepreneurship; teacher researchers

Problematizing capitalism(s): Big difference? - Peck, Jamie (Environment & Planning A, 2019)
In the article, the author examines the social science theories of Fred Block, particularly on such topics as capitalism, finance, markets, and government. Other topics include Block's opinions on Polanyian socioeconomics, his thoughts on economic diversity and capitalist transformation, as well as the universalist model of capitalism as free-market globalism.
Keywords: BLOCK, Fred L.; capitalism; finance; free enterprise; markets; social sciences; the state

Soziale Bewegungen und Gewerkschaften im Wechselspiel - Pernicka, Susanne (Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen, 2019)
Vereinzelte Verweise auf westmitteleuropäische Länder, die USA oder Australien machen aber deutlich, dass die neoliberale Politik auch in diesen Ländern zu einer Verschärfung der Spaltungen zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und zwischen diesen und den "Abgehängten" ohne Aussicht auf eine dauerhafte Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt geführt hat. Die Fragen nach der Nachhaltigkeit von Allianzen zwischen Gewerkschaften und sozialen Bewegungen, den politischen und gesellschaftlichen Orientierungen (kosmopolitische Öffnung versus nationalistische und gruppenspezifische Schließungen) sowie deren Effekten bleiben aber letztlich offen und können durch den Verweis auf Polanyis "Pendel" zwischen ökonomischer Liberalisierung und protektionistischer Gegenbewegung kaum zufriedenstellend beantwortet werden. Wie die Herausgeber des Sammelbandes in den Schlussfolgerungen betonen, handelt es sich bei der aktuellen Phase des Neoliberalismus um eine seit mehreren Dekaden andauernde Bewegung von oben, die ungeachtet der Finanz- und Eurokrise(n) ihre hegemoniale Stellung kaum eingebüßt und bestehende Spaltungen und Konflikte zwischen und innerhalb von Gewerkschaften, sozialen Bewegungen und Parteien stark vergrößert hat.
Keywords: Polanyi's pendulum; pendulum; social movements

Economic Liberalism and the State: Dismantling the Myth of Naïve Laissez-Faire - Stahl, Rune Møller (New Political Economy, 2019)
The article offers a critique of the prevailing understanding of the relationship between neoliberalism and classic nineteenth-century liberalism in contemporary international political economy (IPE) and offers a redefinition inspired by Polanyi and Gramsci. Within critical IPE studies, a consensus has emerged that neoliberalism cannot be reduced to a simple attempt to roll back the economy and let loose free-market forces. However, this insight relies on contrasting neoliberalism with a classic liberalism, that is, a simple attempt to implement just this naïve laissez-faire ideology. In contrast, this article argues that nineteenth-century liberalism is also characterised by an active use of state and legislative power. Through a historical study of two cases from nineteenth-century Britain, Poor Law reform and the Gold Standard, the paper will argue that state action played a central role even during the heyday of laissez-faire liberalism. With a starting point in Polanyi's dictum that 'laissez-faire was planned', this reinvestigation will point towards a need to develop a more nuanced understanding of the distinctions between economic theory, ideology, and practical policy, as well as pointing towards a general reinterpretation of the role of the state in liberal economic ideology.
Keywords: classical liberalism; critical political economy; economic governance; history of economic thought; international political economy; liberalism; liberty; neoconservatism; neoliberalism; ordoliberalism; state theory

Knowledge and social freedom - Rief, Silvia (Journal of Cultural Economy, 2019)
Keywords: Karl Polanyi's Vision of a Socialist Transformation (Book); book review; commentary; freedom

Ethnoracial Populism: An Alternative to Neoliberal Globalization? - Antonio, Robert J. (Social Epistemology, 2019)
Worldwide emergence of strongmen leaderships and eroded or failed democracies suggest that the era of unchallenged neoliberal hegemony may be winding down and that alternatives are rising. The presidential election of Donald Trump has inspired rightwing populists at home and abroad. This paper will analyze the Trumpist fusion of authoritarian ethnoracial nationalism with neoliberal adventure capitalism and the broader matter of how neoliberal de-democratization opens way for right-wing populism and illiberal capitalism. The topics will be explored in part through discussions of earlier theories of Friedrich Hayek, Carl Schmitt, John Dewey, and Karl Polanyi that have been revived and deployed in the current debates over neoliberalism, populism, and democracy.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; Presidential elections; SCHMITT, Carl, 1888-1985; Trumpism; de-democratization; ethnoracial populism; globalization; nationalism; neoliberalism; populism; right-wing populism

Repatriating Polanyi: Market Society in the Visegrad States - Hann, Chris (Central European University Press, 2019)
Karl Polanyi’s “substantivist” critique of market society has renewed topicality in the era of neoliberal globalization. Polanyi (1886–1964) is popular among critical theorists and radical political economists, but also with ecological activists, anti-globalization campaigners and all who sense that ongoing financial turmoil is symptomatic of a deeper crisis threatening the compatibility of capitalism and democracy. The author reclaims the polymath Karl Polanyi for contemporary anthropology, especially economic anthropology. The book furthermore takes his ideas back to Central Europe, where he grew up. The Polanyian approach is applied to the communist economy, with particular reference to the “market socialist” economy which evolved under János Kádár in Hungary. The same lens is used to investigate the consequences of the demise of communist power since 1990, primarily on the basis of ethnographic investigations in Hungary and South-East Poland. Stretching the discussion on Polanyi’s great transformation – for which there is considerable international interest – in the context of neoliberalization onto the concept of Eurasia, and then bringing this into conversation with the rise of neo-nationalism in Hungary and Poland and beyond as the form that the great transformation is currently taking in the region, relates Hann’s work powerfully to the current political turbulence.
Keywords: Hungary; Poland; communist economy; economic history; market socialist economy; neo-nationalism; political economy

Karl Polanyi and the Law of Market Society - Frerichs, Sabine (Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 2019)
Karl Polanyi started his career as a doctor of law and practiced law for a while; but he did not become a legal scholar. As an economic historian, anthropologist, or sociologist, he was concerned with the relation of economy and society. But even though law is an important factor in mediating this relationship, Polanyi gave little attention to the law as such. As part of an endeavour to advance a ‘Polanyian’ economic sociology of law, this article develops the ‘law of market society’ as an analytical category. For this purpose, three argumentative strategies are combined. First, the article draws on The Great Transformation to reconstruct the role of law in the processes of commodification and decommodification. Second, it turns to Marxist scholarship to explore the conceptual link between law and economics and to ponder to what extent law itself can become a commodity. Third, it links Polanyi’s approach with American institutionalism, and Commons’ work in particular, to show how the evolution of the ‘law of market society’ can also be understood as a collective enterprise which continuously evolves. It is argued that these perspectives complement each other and help to bring the law back in where it is missing.
Keywords: law of market society; sociology of law

Historicizing Karl Polanyi - Gräser, Marcus (Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 2019)
Karl Polanyi’s book The Great Transformation has found great resonance in the social sciences in recent years—especially in sociology, political economy and political science. The interest in Polanyi among historians is still modest in comparison. There are not enough studies that treat Polanyi as an object of intellectual history/history of science, nor has Polanyi been used hitherto as an idea-giver for the growing field of global history—despite the fact that his book can be understood as global history. It is high time to “historicize” Polanyi in several ways.
Keywords: history of science; intellectual history

Commodity Studies with Polanyi: Disembedding and Re-Embedding Labour and Land in Contemporary Capitalism - Langthaler, Ernst; Schüßler, Elke (Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 2019)
This article aims to inform current debates in the field of transnational commodity studies through a Polanyian lens. Polanyi reminds us of the need to pay attention to the “double movements” in which fictitious commodities are disembedded from and re-embedded in society. We focus on two fictitious commodities, labour and land, which are conventionally treated as mere inputs for the production of genuine commodities. Through investigating the disembedding and re-embedding of labour in the garment industry, and of land in the agro-food sector since the 1970s, we gain insights regarding the commodification of fictitious commodities in the context of transnational commodity chains. The developments in both fields imply not just simple double movements, but complex entanglements of disembedding and re-embedding dynamics at the interface of state, business and civil society actors.
Keywords: commodity studies; double movement

The Rise of Populist Movements in Europe: A Response to European Ordoliberalism? - Cayla, David (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2019)
This article aims to explain the contemporary emergence of populism in the European Union. According to Polanyi's double movement framework, the emergence of these political forces can be understood as the result of protective responses from societies weakened by difficult market adjustments. Since the Single Act treaty (1986), the European economy took a path that intended to create a supranational self-adjusting markets economy based on the ordoliberal philosophy. However, by detaching the economic sphere from the reach of politics, the European Single Market has injured some important social institutions. The rise and the diversity of populisms in the European Union can therefore be explained by an attempt to preserve some national institutions that were diversely impacted by the market forces.
Keywords: European Single Market; free enterprise; institutional economics; international relations; neoliberalism; ordoliberalism; populism; social functions; social institutions

Doing justice to Karl Polanyi - Devine, Pat (Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 2019)
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; book review; economic activity; economics; social control; social forces

State Capitalism Revisited: A Review of Emergent Forms and Developments - Dolfsma, Wilfred; Grosman, Anna (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2019)
Even when the neoliberal ideology of the free market was more dominant than it now is, the state was involved in economic activities that could be undertaken by private firms. State capitalism takes increasingly diverse forms, including beyond direct, partial or even indirect ownership. This paper briefly reviews some of these forms without claiming to be exhaustive as the shape state capitalism takes differs widely across the institutionalized contexts of countries. We assess state capitalism using Polanyi's double movement framework and argue that this framework needs adaptation to novel forms of state capitalism that include, e.g., state-owned multinationals and sovereign wealth funds.
Keywords: SOMNCs; capitalism; double movement; economic development; economic systems; international relations; investments; profit; sovereign wealth funds; state capitalism; state-owned enterprises

Remittances and Households in the Age of Neoliberal Uncertainty - Khanal, Kalpana; Todorova, Zdravka (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2019)
International migration and remittance flows have been reframed as catalysts for poverty reduction and development through marketization. Growth, measurement, and promotion of global remittances have emerged against the backdrop of neoliberal structural adjustment programs and financialization. Those processes have paralleled the emergence of the transnational household as a global institution. The article suggests that transnational households characterize a new stage of neoliberal capitalist development. The article revisits Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation and discusses how active governance and neoliberal discourse regulate and frame labor and remittances as "fictitious commodities." Further, it is argued that transnational households take active roles in Polanyi's "double movement," by providing social protection amidst narrow public responsibility for provisioning. The article identifies this as a new element of "the great transformation," and referring to J. K. Galbraith, as a new age of neoliberal uncertainty.
Keywords: double movement; economic development; fictitious commodities; income; neoconservatism; neoliberalism; remittances; transnational households

The Double Movement Ten Years After the Fall of Lehman Brothers - Vidal, Gregorio; Marshall, Wesley C. (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2019)
Ten years after the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the sharpest moments of panic within the global—and particularly the United States banking system—a somewhat strange dynamic has appeared. While the principal agents behind the crisis have collapsed their own institutions, the markets that they dominated, and even provoked what has been called the third crisis of economic theory, their political power has not waned. This theme has been well addressed by some academics such as Philip Mirowski (2013), while it has flummoxed others. In this article, we will argue that Karl Polanyi's theory of the "double movement" offers a coherent framework that is able to account for the history of the last ten years. Polanyi argues that different groups and members of society seek protection from the market, and that this search for protection has been the driving force between historical change. Polanyi does not ignore class; rather, he argues that different social classes can protect themselves in more or less effective ways. We argue that during the last ten years, the interests of globalized financial capital have been able to protect themselves with utmost effectiveness, while all other classes have been trammeled, often not even recognizing how or why actions are taken against the general interest.
Keywords: Lehman Brothers; capital market; double movement; financial crisis; financial markets; securities; stock exchanges; stocks (finance)

Populism in Times of Attempted Unity of Heterogeneous Social Demands - Wagner, Paulus (International Spectator, 2019)
Keywords: HOLMES, Christopher; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; Polanyi in Times of Populism: Vision & Contradiction in the History of Economic Ideas (Book); book review; economic policy; nonfiction; populism

The Last Gasp of Neoliberalism - Watkins, John P.; Seidelman, James E. (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2019)
The ideas of both Thorstein Veblen and Karl Polanyi shed light on understanding the last gasp of neoliberalism. The last gasp refers to Donald Trump's abandonment of free trade, long considered a cornerstone of the neoliberal agenda, and his overt attacks on democratic institutions. In Trump, neoliberalism's attempt to overcome the gridlock of liberal democracy has revealed its fascist leanings. Both Polanyi and Veblen warned about the trend towards fascism. Trump was elected, in part, by filling the void left by the factioning of neoliberalism, in part by the injustice felt by people in rural areas, those with stagnant incomes, white males, and others. Trump has transcended the neoliberal agenda, approaching market relations from the point-of-view of the fight. The emergence of a predatory culture, in both the domestic and international realms, resembles the culture outlined in Veblen's The Theory of Business Enterprise. Trump's actions reveal the need to extend Polanyi's idea of social protection given the negative effects of modern technology and Trump's efforts to dismantle or reduce some regulatory agencies. Changing demographics and the adverse reaction to Trump's fascist leanings may yet see the emergence of a new progressive era, suggesting, at least, that Trump represents the last gasp of neoliberalism.
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; VEBLEN, Thorstein, 1857-1929; capitalism; democracy; double movement; fascism; international relations; neoliberalism

Financialization, Class Interests, and Karl Polanyi's Protective Response - Zalewski, David A. (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2019)
Many observers expected a stronger countermovement against neoliberalism following the Great Recession. This article argues that such a protective response failed to materialize because the financialization process has aligned the preferences of labor and rentier classes. The result has been weaker support in democracies for expansionary monetary and fiscal policies during the early stages of recessions, which further lowers aggregate spending by increasing uncertainty. Thus, reversing the culture of financialization may be a necessary condition for preventing and responding to financial crises.
Keywords: Polanyi, Karl, 1886-1964; business development; double movement; economic development; economic policy; financial crises; financialization; macroeconomic policy; monetary policy

Absolute Capitalism - Foster, John Bellamy (Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine, 2019)
The article deals with the emergence of absolute capitalism due to the efforts of states to promote social reproduction. It explores the association between absolute capitalism and neoliberalism, a ruling-class political-ideological project that is connected to the rise of monopoly-finance capital. Some 20th century thinkers had their own ideas about absolute capitalism, including Karl Polanyi and John Maynard Keynes.
Keywords: KEYNES, John Maynard, 1883-1946; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; capitalism; finance capitalism; neoliberalism; social reproduction

La società di mercato e le sue trasformazioni. Attualità di Karl Polanyi - Cangiani, Michele (Itinerari di ricerca storica, 2019)
ItIl neoliberalismo è sorto dall'esigenza di superare la crisi degli anni Settanta del secolo scorso, ma ha portato a una nuova crisi, da molti detta "sistemica". Siamo quindi sollecitati a riflettere sulle caratteristiche fondamentali del nostro sistema sociale e sulla sua storia. A questo fine, l'opera di Karl Polanyi fornisce preziose indicazioni. In essa, da una parte, la società di mercatocapitalistica viene definita in generale, nella sua specificità, mediante una comparazione a vasto raggio con le società precedenti. D'altra parte, viene analizzata la "trasformazione" di tale società da un assetto istituzionale all'altro, attraverso un periodo di crisi e di conflitto sociale. Poiché, tuttavia, le ragioni profonde della crisi permangono nel nuovo assetto insieme con le caratteristiche più generali del sistema sociale, la crisi tende a ripresentarsi, insieme all'esigenza di una nuova trasformazione istituzionale. Questo articolo intende mostrare che tale tesi è perlomeno implicita negli scritti di Polanyi e che quindi non solo la sua teoria della società di mercato in generale, ma anche le sue analisi delle vicende della "grande trasformazione" fra le due guerre mondiali possono essere utili per comprendere gli sviluppi ulteriori della nostra società fino alla situazione attuale.EnNeoliberalism arose from the need to overcome the crisis of the 1970s, but led to a new "systemic" crisis. We are therefore urged to reflect on the fundamental characteristics of our social system and its history. To this end, Karl Polanyi's work provides valuable suggestions. In it, on the one hand, the capitalist market society is defined in general, in its specificity, through a widerange comparison with previous societies. On the other hand, the "transformation" of that society is analyzed, from one institutional setup to another, through periods of crisis and social conflict. Since the deep reasons of the crisis remain in the new set-up, together with the more general characteristics of the social system, the crisis tends to recur, together with the need for a new institutional transformation. The present paper intends to show that this thesis is, at least, implicit in Polanyi's writings; therefore, not only his theory of the market society in general, but also his analysis of the events of the "great transformation" between the two world wars can be useful in understanding further developments of our society up to the current situation.
Keywords: capitalism; capitalismo; crisi; crisis; transformation; trasformazione

Karl Polanyi on Strategy: The Effects of Culture, Morality and Double-Movements on Embedded Strategy - Faulconbridge, James; Muzio, Daniel (Social Science Research Network, 2019)
Karl Polanyi is arguably one of the most significant economic sociologists. At first glance the links between Polanyi’s ideas about markets, society and institutions and strategy may not be obvious. However, there is a hereto unrecognised link between recent writing about institutions and strategy and Polanyi’s work. In this paper we, therefore, chart how, when recognised, these links reveal that Karl Polanyi’s work might provide new ways of thinking about strategy. Our over-riding claim is that Polanyi’s ideas reveal the importance of considering how strategies are defined, responded to, and ultimately rendered effective or ineffective in ways that are determined by relationships between markets, the state and society. It is thus crucial to understand strategy as embedded, this implying consideration of a strategy’s legitimacy in economy and society as an instituted process at any particular place and time. This also implies wider political questions about strategy in society and the extent to which strategists need to be aware of the ‘double movement’ Polanyi discusses and ensure strategies serve the interests of society as well as those of the market. KM: from forthcoming book "Critical perspectives on Accounting"
Keywords: double movement; embeddedness; professional services; strategy

The “Systems Rationality” of Financial Capital - Smith, Tony (Radical Philosophy Review, 2019)
Keywords: KONINGS, Martijn; book review; critique

The New Alchemy: Economic liberalism, neoliberalism, and Thomas Pynchon's Against the Day - Carswell, Sean (Textual Practice, 2019)
This article utilises Karl Polanyi's landmark 1944 text The Great Transformation to explicate economic liberalism as it is represented in Thomas Pynchon's Against the Day. Polanyi argues that a fundamental flaw of economic liberalism is its treatment of labour and land as commodities. This commodification leads to economic and ecological disasters. Pynchon demonstrates these disasters throughout his encyclopaedic novel. Further, using Pynchon's metaphor of bilocation – literally being in two places at the same time – this article 'bilocates' the economic liberalism represented in the novel with contemporary neoliberalism, specifically as neoliberalism is characterised by David Harvey and Wendy Brown. Ultimately, this exploration leads to a discussion of freedom within a neoliberal society, particularly as it is envisioned in Pynchon's novel.
Keywords: Against the Day (book); BROWN, Wendy; HARVEY, David; PYNCHON, Thomas, 1937-; economic liberalism; economics; fictitious commodities; globalization; neoliberalism

Can Karl Polanyi Explain the Anthropocene? The Commodification of Nature and the Great Acceleration - Steinberg, Ted (Geographical Review, 2019)
The most important historical work on the Anthropocene to date is J. R. McNeill and Peter Engelke’s The Great Acceleration: An Environmental History of the Anthropocene since 1945 (2016). The authors argue that the Anthropocene began in 1945, not in the eighteenth century, as some scientists have proposed. They single out unintentional “human actions” as the driving force behind the significant changes in biogeochemical processes unfolding since the middle of the twentieth century (McNeill and Engelke 2016, 4, 208). The main title of their book mimics a phrase first used at a 2005 conference on the future of the planet and refers to the escalating human threats to the so-called Earth System. The title was meant to parallel Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944). Born in 1886 in Hungary, Polanyi became one of the world’s greatest economic historians. In an endnote to their book, McNeill and Engelke explain that Polanyi saw the “market economy” as a recent invention that “must be understood as embedded in social traditions, customs, and habits of the mind.” Likewise, they continue, human impacts on global ecology “are embedded in societies and their traditions” (McNeill and Engelke 2016, 213).
Keywords: ENGELKE, Peter; Great Acceleration: An Environmental History of the Anthropocene Since 1945, The (Book); MCNEILL, J. R.; anthropocene epoch; capitalism; globalization; nonfiction; urban development

Neoliberal Legality as Dual Process: Embeddedness, Courts and Crime Prevention in the United States - Campeau, Holly; Levi, Ron (British Journal of Criminology, 2019)
This article advances research on 'neoliberal legality' to focus on the role of courts in response to neoliberal crime prevention approaches. Drawing on Karl Polanyi's analysis of embeddedness in market capitalism, along with criminological research on the penal state, we analyse three case studies reflecting central crime prevention approaches of the neoliberal era in the United States. We find that neoliberal legality is more complex than simply legitimating or resisting neoliberal policies. We highlight how courts did both at once—they moderated the harshest edges of neoliberal policies through alternative symbolic frames, yet in so doing also legitimated the core of neoliberal crime prevention efforts. We argue that neoliberal legality operates through this dual process, in which the basic thrust of neoliberalism is legitimated by also having policies moderated, recast and embedded within other social and juridical expectations.
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; United States; capitalism; courts; crime prevention; embeddedness (socioeconomic theory); law; neoliberal legality; neoliberalism; penal state

MARX E POLANYI: A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA EPISTEMOLOGIA CRÍTICA AO LIBERALISMO ECONÔMICO - Amaral, Ticiana (Revista Café com Sociologia, 2019)
O propósito do artigo é, a partir das obras de Marx e Polanyi, realizar uma revisão teórica centrada no pensamento crítico que os autores direcionaram à Economia Política burguesa, especialmente às ¨falácias epistemológicas¨, cujo objetivo seria de justificar um modo de produção desumanizante, que submete as demais esferas da vida social às leis de mercado, e o de naturalizar leis próprias, através da separação institucional entre sociedade e economia. Busca-se demonstrar como, apesar de diferenças teóricas e metodológicas, Marx e Polanyi elaboraram uma crítica sólida aos postulados do liberalismo econômico, em específico ao que concerne a visão de natureza humana e livre mercado.
Keywords: MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; economic liberalism; epistemology; homo economicus

The future of capitalism: Trends, scenarios and prospects for the future - Delanty, Gerard (Journal of Classical Sociology, 2019)
The article provides a framework for thinking about how the question of the future of capitalism might be addressed. One of the problems resides in the very definition of capitalism and of what its defining features consist of and whether we should be talking about 'capitalist society' or the 'capitalist economy' or some kind of post-capitalist condition. Following Polanyi, Castoriadis and Habermas, it is argued that capitalism and democracy together constitute the defining dynamics of modernity and that the resulting tensions will provide momentum for the main circuits of potential change. Five scenarios for looking at the future are discussed. These will form the main substance of the article: varieties of capitalism, systemic crises of capitalism, catastrophic collapse, low growth capitalism and post-capitalism. In conclusion, it is argued that there are various possibilities that can be understood in terms of transitions, breakdown or transformation, but a likely future trend will be less the end of capitalism than the harnessing of 'super-capitalism' and that there are limits to the accumulation of capital.
Keywords: MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; SCHUMPETER, Joseph Alois, 1883-1950; WEBER, Max, 1864-1920; capital; capitalism; democracy; future of capitalism; modernity; neoliberalism; varieties of capitalism

Climate Change and the Polanyian Counter-movement: Carbon Markets or Degrowth? - Stuart, Diana; Gunderson, Ryan; Petersen, Brian (New Political Economy, 2019)
In the midst of a wave of market expansion, carbon markets have been proposed as the best way to address global climate change. While some argue that carbon markets represent a modern example of a Polanyian counter-movement to the environmental crisis, we adopt a structural interpretation of Polanyi to refute this claim. Carbon markets represent a further expansion of markets that fails to address the underlying contradictions related to the commodification of nature. In addition, they increase risks to society and the domination of economic elites. While carbon markets further subject social and ecological relations to market mechanisms, we examine degrowth as a possible response to climate change that prioritises social and environmental goals over economic growth. While degrowth continues to be dismissed as impractical or impossible, a growing number of scholars, scientists and activists argue it is the only way to address global climate change. In contrast to carbon markets, we argue degrowth could represent a genuine Polanyian counter-movement in response to climate change. In addition, degrowth could help all those disenfranchised by market fundamentalism by addressing the triple crises related to the commodification of land, labour and money.
Keywords: carbon markets; carbon offsetting; climate; climate change; degrowth; economic development; economic elites; emissions (air pollution); environment; environmental studies

Postneoliberalism as institutional recalibration: Reading Polanyi through Argentina’s soy boom - Berndt, Christian; Werner, Marion; Fernández, Víctor Ramiro (Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2019)
While postneoliberalism is often interpreted as a societal reaction against the deleterious effects of marketization in Latin America, this paper develops a finer-grained Polanyian institutional analysis to gain better analytical purchase on the ambivalent outcomes of postneoliberal reforms. Drawing on recent insights in economic geography, and in dialogue with the Latin American structuralist tradition, we elaborate our framework through a case study of the Argentinian soy boom of the 2000s, identifying forms of market extension, redistribution, reciprocity and householding that facilitated this process. We argue for a multi-scalar approach that balances attention to national and extra-local dynamics shaping the combination of these forms, identified through the lens of the “fictitious commodities” of the soy boom: money (credit, currency and cross-border capital flows), land (in the agricultural heartland and frontier regions), labor (transformed and excluded in a “farming without farmers” model) and, we add, knowledge (biotech). Our analysis identifies internal tensions as well as overt resistance and “overflow” that ultimately led to the collapse of postneoliberal regulation of the soy complex, ushering in a wider, market-radical counter-movement. Refracting double-movement-type dynamics through the prism of heterodox institutional forms, we argue, allows for a better grasp of processes that underlie institutional recalibrations of progressive and regressive kinds.
Keywords: Argentina; Polanyi; institutions; marketization; post-neoliberalism; soy; uneven development

Local development versus neoliberal globalization project: reflecting on market-oriented cities - Abdalla, Márcio Moutinho; Faria, Alexandre (Desarrollo local frente al proyecto de globalización neoliberal: reflexión sobre las ciudades orientadas al mercado., 2019)
The purpose of this article is to discuss what has being disseminated and reproduced as local development, seeking to understand the problems arising from this phenomenon, particularly highlighting the promotion of market-oriented cities. We question the processes of development and public policies, advancing in the debate based on Karl Polanyi's double-movement thesis duly revisited and updated historically and geographically. As contributions, we highlight the engagement with de-coloniality to treat temporal and geo-epistemic gaps of the Polanyian thesis. In addition, it is possible to identify that the Polanyian counter-movement depends on the actions of several social actors, with emphasis on societies and governments, through public policies. (English)
Keywords: Brazil; cidades orientadas ao mercado; ciudades orientadas al mercado; countermovement; desarrollo local; desenvolvimento local; doble movimiento polanyiano; double movement; duplo movimento polanyiano; globalization; government policy; industrialization; local development; market-oriented cities; neoliberalism; neoliberalismo; políticas públicas; public policy; social conditions in Brazil

Polanyi in Zeiten des Populismus - Bärnthaler, Richard (Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 2019)
Keywords: HOLMES, Christopher; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; Polanyi in Times of Populism: Vision & Contradiction in the History of Economic Ideas (Book); book review; nonfiction

Who Plans Our Political Economy? A Solidarity Economy Vision for Democratic Political Economy Planning - Gilbert, Geoff (Harvard Unbound, 2019)
The Democratic Party's current left-wing resurgence shows that significant popular support exists for an expanded vision of fundamental rights for all people: rights to public health care and higher education; affordable housing; living-wage jobs; and a Green New Deal that transitions human society to ecological sustainability while also reducing inequality. But what are the best institutional means to provide this expanded vision of fundamental rights? This paper argues that we must stop expecting or hoping that highly centralized state and corporate institutions, which reserve rights to ownership and control for the few, will produce any results other than those that benefit the few. I argue that in order to provide an expanded vision of fundamental rights we must create a democratic political economy comprised of institutions that are themselves democratic and controlled by the people they are meant to serve. Guided by Karl Polanyi's insight that the fictitious commodification of labor, land, and money has made human society an accessory of the economic system, I propose a vision for creating, starting at the city level, democratic systems for controlling land, labor, and money. The vision--inspired by global movements including the Zapatistas in Mexico, the Movement of Landless Workers in Brazil, the Kurds in Rojava in Northern Syria, and the municipalist movement in Spain--calls for democracy in the workplace through worker cooperatives, local democratic ownership and control of land through land banks, community land trusts, and a land value sales tax, and democratic banking through public banks at the city level. By demonstrating the viability of democratic political economy institutions at the local level, organizers can amass resources to build toward broader systemic transformation.
Keywords: fictitious commodification; fundamental rights; green new deal

De la gran transformación a la gran financiarización. Sobre Karl Polanyi y otros ensayos - Quiroz, Omar (Foro Internacional, 2019)
Keywords: From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization (Book); book review

Karl Polanyi: Ein Denker für die heutige Zeit - Thomasberger, Claus (Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 2019)
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; book review; nonfiction

Polanyi and Schumpeter vs. Neoliberalism: Can Neoliberal World Be Explained by Schumpeter in the Context of Innovation and Polanyi in the Context of the Market? - Akansel, Ilkben (Handbook of Research on Managerial Thinking in Global Business Economics, 2019)
Neoliberalism means “new liberalism.” It could be dated back to 18th century, but it is a term that belongs today. Since 1990, neoliberal rules gave many harmful effects, especially to developing countries, and those harmful effects have proceeded for labor class. As capitalism stands on its own feet, it can find solutions to regain profits. However, the concern may well be gaining too much profit gives harmful effects on a wide range of social classes. Neoliberalism is accepted as the tool of these effects by the majority of the economists. In this chapter, the authors scrutinize the consequences of neoliberalism by the mediation of two great philosophers who criticized capitalism in different ideas. Karl Polanyi's and Joseph A. Schumpeter's different opinions about capitalism will be scrutinized in order to understand the connection between capitalism and neoliberalism. So, in this study, starting with its name, neoliberalism's implementations will be scrutinized by two great philosophers
Keywords: business economics; neoliberalism

Capitalism in Transformation: Movements and Countermovements in the 21st Century - Atzmüller, Roland; Aulenbacher, Brigitte; Brand, Ulrich; Décieux, Fabienne; Fischer, Karin; Sauer, Birgit (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019)
Presenting a profound and far-reaching analysis of economic, ecological, social, cultural and political developments of contemporary capitalism, this book draws on the work of Karl Polanyi, and re-reads it for our times. The renowned authors offer key insights to current changes in the relations between the economy, politics and society, and their ecological and social effects.
Keywords: biography; capitalism; countermovement; fictitious commodities

Karl Polanyi and economics: Polanyi's pendulum in economic science - Kretschmer, Mark (Ordnungspolitische Diskurse, 2019)
Since the crisis of 2008 the liberal market order has been challenged by several (populist) social movements and has become object of political regulation. Whereas in the late 70s and early 80s politics tend to deregulate the market, nowadays deregulation seem to be a synonym for the negative externalities of a free global market. Following Polanyi (The Great Transformation, 1944), societies with market market economies tend to experience a double movement - the Polanyi's Pendulum - between phases in which the policies are designed to restrict the markets or liberalize them. This paper raises the question if these indicated changes have an impact on the economic research topics. Referring to modern Varieties-of-Capitalism literature bibliometric data of the period between 1950 and 2015 are used to analyze if there is a Polanyi's Pendulum within the economic literature. Looking for specific key words, e.g. liberalization, and using correlation analyses and time-series regressions it is possible to determine changes of the topics economists worked on and to identify those economic macro-forces that have been driven these changes. The political development in recent years can be considered as a new swing of Polanyi's pendulum. Economics itself is part of the double movement. A second look at Polanyi's might be fruitful to face present challenges better equipped.
Keywords: Polanyi's pendulum; bibliometry; double movement; political economy; varieties of capitalism

Economic and Political Foundations of Effective Transition to Renewable Energy: Ordoliberalism, Polanyi, and Cities as Hubs for Climate Leadership and Innovation - Lysack, Mishka (Renewable Energy: International Perspectives on Sustainability, 2019)
A remarkable transition to a renewable energy economy (also known as the Energiewende) with ambitious climate protection and sustainable economic development is taking place in Germany, with many German cities exemplifying best practices in effective climate leadership to attain ambitious climate goals, such as Munich (1.4 million) moving steadily to its targets of 100% renewable energy by 2025 and 100% renewable heat by 2040. Similarly, the former coal city of Bottrop in West Germany won the Innovation Ruhr Prize for increasing its refurbishment rate to 3% (3× national average), installing solar panels, reducing its GHG emissions by 37%, and attracting over $316 million in economic investment in sustainability. However, it needs to be noted these accomplishments do not take place in a vacuum, but within a supportive and empowering policy and economic context which includes two key elements. The first entails using Karl Polanyi’s three key analytic resources of restoring the social and environmental dimensions of the economy: (1) re-embedding the economy within society and in turn, within the larger context of the environment, (2) reversing the reduction of labour and land into “fictitious commodities” and tradable goods; and (3) fostering the “double movements” of the protective responses of both government and society to correct the negative impacts of the free-market economy. Secondly, the economic approach of ordo-liberalism in Germany facilitates the shift to an economy with economic rules and “referees,” fostering the renewable energy transition through innovative economic and social capital approaches, while also deconstructing the economic monopolies and concentrations of political-economic power that arise in neo-liberal and authoritarian economies.
Keywords: double movement; fictitious commodities; ordoliberalism; reembedding; renewable energy economy; sustainability

Regulating labour dispatch in China: A cat-and-mouse game - Xiaojun, Feng (China Information, 2019)
This article suggests cautious optimism toward the prevailing Polanyian countermovement discourse by providing a timely and comprehensive examination of the enforcement of the labour dispatch regulation in China. Since the enactment of the regulation, some enterprises have narrowed the remuneration gap between agency workers and formal employees, while others have retained a large gap in overtime pay, bonuses, and welfare benefits between these two groups of workers. The regulation has reduced the number of agency workers, but has invoked the abuse of the more precarious 'outsourced' workers as well. The regulation has had little effect on limiting the use of agency labour to temporary, auxiliary, or substitute positions, raising the requirements of engaging in the labour dispatch business, or stabilizing the employment of agency workers. This article contributes to the extant literature on regulatory enforcement by examining the effects of non-standard employment regulation, highlighting the variance of labour law compliance among enterprises with different types of ownership, and demonstrating how China's ongoing transformation from a planned to a market economy since the 1980s and from high growth to a new normal since 2010 has fundamentally constrained the full implementation of its labour protection regulation.
Keywords: China; agency workers; countermovement; employment; labor market; labour dispatch; labour market; labour market regulation; law enforcement; new normal; outsourced workers; precarity

Changing Approaches to Development since 1950: Drawing on Polanyi - Stewart, Frances (History of Political Economy, 2018)
The article focuses on analysis of Karl Polanyi in the book "The Great Transformation" which explained the changes in Great Britain from eighteenth-century mercantilism to nineteenth-century free markets to the state-centered interventionism of the mid-twentieth century evident when he was writing. It mentions additional features needed for understanding the evolution of development thought and repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, leading to free trade in agricultural products.
Keywords: Great Transformation, The (Book); POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; economic development; free enterprise; free trade; mercantile system

Tensions in the Triangle: Monetary Plurality between Institutional Integration, Competition and Complementarity - Blanc, Jerome (Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 2018)
This text aims at accounting for the plurality of money by emphasizing the delicate and evolving balance of the legal monetary systems and the continued existence of moneys that stay outside, though their continuation is subjected to chronic difficulties. It uses Polanyian concepts to take the wide and increasing variety of money into account and mobilizes criteria able to analyse the variety of links between them. It proposes a framework based on the representation of a "plurality triangle" with institutional integration, complementarity and competition, and it analyses the positioning of moneys in this framework as well as tensions that may generate shifts in their positioning.
Keywords: current heterodox approaches: historical; evolutionary; institutional; monetary systems; money

Terrains of Civil and Uncivil Society in Post-Apartheid Durban - Bond, Patrick; Mottiar, Shauna (Urban Forum, 2018)
Post-apartheid Durban civil society politics reflects not only durable anti-racist activism, but primarily, Karl Polanyi's pendulum of a 'double movement' of the market against people and environment on the one hand, and social backlashes against neoliberalism on the other. The most important movements and campaigns of a socioeconomic nature can be summarised as follows: local resistance to economic disempowerment and lack of service delivery in various trade union strikes (1994-present), South Durban's fight against polluters and the port's expansion (1996-present), Chatsworth's water and electricity battles (1999-2012), the Treatment Action Campaign's access to AIDS medicines (early 2000s), Abahlali baseMjondolo's anti-eviction campaigns (2005-present), the defence of the Early Morning Market (2009-10), the Umlazi Occupy (2012), and sporadic community protests throughout. Resistance has occurred in urban poor neighbourhoods and townships and also penetrated the Durban inner city and university campuses. Durban activists' tactics range from militant protests to 'occupation' of space ranging from townships to the Speaker's Corner next to the Convention Centre, innovative door-to-door campaigning and court action. While the limits of single-issue and often assimilationist civil society politics are becoming obvious in one of the world's most unequal cities, there still has not yet been a successful 'united front' project to fuse interests, in part due to ideological division and the geographical diffusion of dissent.
Keywords: Durban; HIV/AIDS; South Africa; Treatment Action Campaign; anti-racism; apartheid; civil society; demonstrations (collective behavior); double movement; environmental justice; protest; social movements; socioeconomics; trade unions

Polanyi, Hayek and embedded neoliberalism - Cahill, Damien (Globalizations, 2018)
Written originally on the seventieth anniversary of the publication of Friedrich von Hayek’s The Road to Serfdom and Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation, this article critically analyses how the ideas of Hayek and Polanyi have been deployed to understand neoliberalism. It argues that dominant scholarly interpretations tend to miss the significance of each thinker to an understanding of neoliberalism, as well as some of the key dynamics of neoliberal forms of capitalist regulation. Drawing upon the work of Polanyi, the article advances the concept of embedded neoliberalism. From the 1970s neoliberal regulations became deeply embedded in a series of institutions, class relations and ideological norms. This helps to explain both the durability of neoliberalism, and the onset of crisis in 2008. In this context, Hayek’s ideas are best understood as providing a malleable set of concepts underpinning neoliberal ideology, rather than the chief causal agent in the neoliberal transformation of states and economies.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; capitalism; embeddedness; liberalism; neoliberalism

Between perfection and damnation: The emerging geography of markets - Cohen, Dan (Progress in Human Geography, 2018)
Economic geographers have recently taken up the study of markets after a long period of inattention. This growing literature has highlighted the diverse spaces, scales, and fields where markets are present, as well as the ways in which markets vary in form. However, the study of markets in economic geography still exists in tension between neoclassical and Marxist conceptions of markets as predictable and approaches like the social studies of economization/marketization which emphasize their contingency. This paper argues that work of Polyani and Gramsci can provide a way forward for the subfield through conceptualizing markets as sites of social struggle.
Keywords: capitalism; counterhegemony; earth scientists; economic geography; economic systems; geographers; human geography; marketization; markets; neoliberalism

‘Our world was made by nature’: constructions of spontaneous order - Dale, Gareth (Globalizations, 2018)
This article explores the concepts of spontaneity and spontaneous order, in particular their deployment by Friedrich Hayek and Karl Polanyi. Although in many respects these thinkers were poles apart, the article identifies a point of convergence. They both mobilize the concept of spontaneity in a manner that naturalizes a particular social process: for Hayek, the market economy, for Polanyi, society’s protective movement that arises in reaction against the market economy. To contextualize the uses of spontaneity by Hayek and Polanyi, I trace its evolution, with reference to Leibniz, Mandeville, and the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment. Having sketched the ways in which earlier thinkers understood spontaneity, I turn finally to Hayek and Polanyi. I argue that their invocations of spontaneity and spontaneous order contribute to a downplaying of relations of domination and exploitation. While Hayek sees the market system as the exemplar of spontaneous order, for Polanyi, the concept of spontaneity underpins his belief that the protective countermovement is a ‘natural’ reaction to the evils of market society; as such, power relations pass beneath the radar.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; HAYEK, Salma, 1968-; POLANYI, Michael, 1891-1976; social order; socialism; spontaneity; spontaneity (philosophy); spontaneous order

Democracy disembedded - Dimitrijevic, Nenad (Philosophy & Social Criticism, 2018)
Democracy is in serious difficulties. Three features of the crisis stand out. First is the dominant culture of disillusionment in democracy, which transpires as the mistrust in constitutionalist institutions and values. Second, political authority, both at domestic and international levels, is largely substituted by the rule of non-transparent and unpredictable social powers. Third, democratic states are deprived of much of their capacity to govern, but they retain a non-negligible capacity to coerce.The article is structured as follows. Section I introduces Karl Polanyi’s concept of embeddedness and juxtaposes it to the theoretical defense of market disembeddedness advanced by the classical political economy. It then points to the challenge that the complexity of the contemporary society poses to the idea of embeddedness and identifies the need for further analytical clarification of the idea. Section II tries to explain why the idea of embeddedness is intuitively suspect. One reason is found in the dominant understanding of liberalism as a regime that rests on the separation between private and public realms. The section closes with a reference to internal tensions of this reading of liberalism. Section III provides a diagnosis of the contemporary condition of disembeddedness. The core claim is that the combination of neoliberalism and globalization has created a condition of multiple—normative, social, political and legal—disintegration, which questions the very survival of democracy. Section IV addresses the question of transformation, focusing on the need for the reconceptualization of liberal equality.
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; democracy; disembeddedness; embeddedness (socioeconomic theory); equality; globalization; liberalism

Polanyi’s two transformations revisited: a ‘bottom up’ perspective - Halperin, Sandra (Globalizations, 2018)
In The Great Transformation, Karl Polanyi offers a ‘top-down’ analysis of the rise and demise of Europe’s unregulated market system. He assumes that changes in the organization of the international economy provide particular kinds of opportunities for states to act which, in turn, shapes the extent to which social forces will be able to influence state policy. Consequently, his analysis focuses, first, on the international institutions created by the self-regulating market system; then on the ‘liberal state’ which these made possible; and finally on how the system impacts ‘society as a whole’. The account which this analysis produces systematically underplays the social struggles which propelled and emerged from the rise of Europe’s nineteenth century system and which ultimately led to its demise. In revisiting the two periods that are the focus of Polanyi’s analysis, this article assumes that states and interstate systems reflect the interests of powerful social forces. Thus, working from the ‘bottom up’, it focuses on the class interests that produced Europe’s market system, the state and international structures which reflected and supported them, and the social struggles that ultimately brought about the collapse of the system. What this ‘bottom up’ account reveals is the centrality of a ‘double movement’, not of market expansion and a protective countermove on the part of ‘society as a whole’, but of dominant classes monopolizing economic opportunities from global expansion, and a rising ‘red tide’ of disaffected workers. This double movement, it argues, better explains the demise of the system and the changes that ensued from it.
Keywords: class conflict; double movement; economic development; industrial capitalism; international relations; markets

Against exceptionalism: the legitimacy of the neoliberal age - Konings, Martijn (Globalizations, 2018)
After the financial crisis of 2007-08, many commentators, adopting a broadly Polanyian logic of reasoning, expected a departure from neoliberalism. The failure of this shift to materialize has typically been accounted for in ‘exceptionalist’ terms: the persistence of neoliberalism is understood not as a function of a specific legitimacy it has itself engendered, but in terms of external interventions by elites who manage to ‘capture’ executive and regulatory institutions and so to bypass democratic pressures. This paper argues that such an approach underestimates the endogenous sources of legitimacy and resilience that neoliberal governance commands. It criticizes the idea that neoliberalism is at its core dependent on a Schmittian exceptionalism and suggests a perspective on Hayek's articulation of neoliberalism that dissociates it from such an exceptionalist approach. The article proceeds to interrogate the rationality of neoliberalism by examining its distinctively secular temporal logic, rooted in speculation, preemption and reaction.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; capitalism; exceptionalism; legitimacy; neoliberalism; preemption

Polanyi vs Hayek? - Mirowski, Philip (Globalizations, 2018)
Karl Polanyi and Friedrich Hayek are often portrayed as implacable intellectual opponents but their respective historical trajectories suggest some telling similarities. Here we describe some key similarities in their approach to markets, as a prelude to evaluating the political consequences of relying upon their Austrian conceptions of nature-based and constructivist framing of markets. Perhaps it is time to transcend their dichotomy.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; POLANYI, Michael, 1891-1976; constructivism; markets; science and technology; spontaneous order

The great trasformismo - Morton, Adam David (Globalizations, 2018)
The purpose of this article is to explore the commonalities and differences between Karl Polanyi and Antonio Gramsci in their assessment of the origins of fascism as located within the rise of capitalism in the nineteenth century and its structural impasse in the twentieth century. Specifically, the aim is to trace a set of associations between Polanyi and Gramsci on the transformations wrought across the states-system of Europe prior to the crises that engulfed capitalism leading to the rise of fascism in the twentieth century. Focusing on the class structures that emerged out of the expansion of capitalism across Europe in the nineteenth century reveals that there was less a ‘great transformation’ in terms of a rupture with the past through the rise of liberal capitalism. Rather, there was more a slow and protracted process of class restoration known as passive revolution, or a ‘Great Trasformismo’, referring to the molecular absorption of class contradictions marking the consolidation and expansion of capitalist social relations. In sum, it is argued that The Great Transformation is understood better if read through the epoch of passive revolution, or The Great Trasformismo, which entailed the restoration and maintenance of class dominance through state power. This approach therefore opens up questions, rather than forecloses answers, about the historical geographies constituting the spaces and places of the political economy of modern capitalism.
Keywords: GRAMSCI, Antonio, 1891-1937; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; capitalism; fascism; passive revolution

Karl Polanyi as a spatial theorist - Roberts, Philip (Globalizations, 2018)
The ‘spatial’ turn in political economy has re-invigorated Marxian analysis, allowing for new research programmes into urbanization, geopolitics, and social movement activity amongst other topics. This tendency emerged through a critical re-reading of Marx and Gramsci, amongst others, uncovering spatial analyses embedded in the logic of their arguments. Conversely, Karl Polanyi’s interlocutors have tended to add geographical analysis as an additional layer of theory, reading space ‘in’ to the text. However, a close reading reveals that a concern with space permeates Polanyi’s analysis. As such, it is possible to read space ‘out’ of Polanyi, adding a level of theoretical rigour and logical consistency when applying his insights to geographic topics. This article carries out an exegesis of Karl Polanyi’s work, uncovering a theoretical framework that deals with space, place, scale, fixity, and motion. From this vantage point, the article considers the potential implications of this new geographical reading of Polanyi.
Keywords: Marxist philosophy; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; capitalism; geography; international political economy; neoliberalism; scale; social sciences; space; spatial turn

Neoliberalism as a real utopia? Karl Polanyi and the theoretical practice of F. A. Hayek - Rodrigues, João (Globalizations, 2018)
This article interprets Hayek’s theoretical practice with the help of Polanyi’s framework. Hayek aimed at renewing liberalism after the interwar period, thus helping transforming it into neoliberalism, a real utopia instrumentally concerned with the political and moral economies underpinning markets. The distance between neoliberal theory and practice is less pronounced than it is sometimes assumed. The strength of neoliberalism partially stems from a capacity to articulate an effort to think about real-world mechanisms with an effort to demolish, reconfigure or transform existing structures. Despite his failure to anticipate neoliberalism, Polanyi gives ample intellectual resources to critically interpret the tasks that neoliberals would collectively have to face at the theoretical level, in an epoch of ideological marginality, before their triumphal political deployment at the global level.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; market; neoliberalism; utopia

Market/society: mapping conceptions of power, ideology and subjectivity in Polanyi, Hayek, Foucault, Lukács - Short, Nicola (Globalizations, 2018)
In light of discussions around the common anniversary of the publication of Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation and F.A. Hayek’s The Road to Serfdom, this article puts these texts - iconic representations of social democratic and neoliberal political theory - into conversation with Michel Foucault’s subsequent, influential critique of neoliberalism, The Birth of Biopolitics. There are interesting points of contact in the way each text constructs its argument, even as they arrive at distinct positions vis-à-vis the material and subjective nature of market society, while nevertheless sharing an opposition to Marxian approaches. Yet the work of Polanyi and Hayek’s Marxian contemporary, Lukács’ History and Class Consciousness, offers precisely a critical framework for understanding the relationship between markets, liberty and society in which the material and the subjective need not be read as antagonistic. It is thus also examined here, in an effort to shed light on how discussions of contemporary neoliberalism are framed.
Keywords: Canada; FOUCAULT, Michel, 1926-1984; HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; LUKACS, Georg; MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; Marxism; Road to Serfdom (book); commodity; homo economicus; market society; neoliberalism; power

Reading Polanyi in Erbil: understanding socio-political factors in the development of Iraqi Kurdistan - Smith, Robert (Globalizations, 2018)
The Kurdistan Regional Government emerges out of the chaos of post-Saddam Iraq as a rare positive, providing both political stability and economic growth. However, the outward display masks a more complex domestic settlement where the trappings of the free market coexist with political parties who are significant economic actors. How can this model of development in Iraqi Kurdistan be explained? Turning to the writings of political economist Karl Polanyi, does his thinking on relations between society and economy offer a way to unpack the development? And what does this analysis tell us of prospects for Iraqi Kurdistan?
Keywords: Iraq; Iraqi Kurdistan; Kurdistan; Kurdistan Regional Government; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; international studies

Correlated ownership: Polanyi, Commons, and the property continuum - Frerichs, Sabine; James, Rick (Research Handbook on the Sociology of International Law, 2018)
According to the economic analysis of law, an efficient property regime is premised on the universality, the exclusivity, and the transferability of property rights. Ideally then, every (legal) person can enjoy the status of an owner and any (economic) resource can become private property; ownership titles could be bought and sold across national jurisdictions and would ultimately be respected everywhere in the world. Throughout history, property regimes indeed seem to have moved towards this ideal. However, this conception of private property is far less natural than it seems, and not without problems. Instead, the institution of property rights is inherently connected with the development of capitalist society, and it reflects the latter’s underlying tensions. The starting point for a sociological account of property rights is to conceive them as a social relation, or a relation of power, which includes (other) owners and non-owners as well as the state as a ‘third party’. In this chapter, the authors build on the work of Karl Polanyi and John R. Commons to suggest that the property regime of the market society relies both on the reification of property (identifying it with the thing owned) and the commodification of the right of ownership (turning it into a marketable commodity). Looking back, the authors retrace how the concept of property changed with the advent of modern capitalism, and how it evolved in the transition from agricultural to industrial capitalism. Looking into the future, they also address the challenges of today’s informational capitalism, which is characterized by the commodification of knowledge. Based on James’s work, the authors introduce the ‘correlative rights doctrine’ as an alternative to the remnant ‘property rights absolutism’ in the field of intellectual property law, but also beyond. With cross-border conflicts in who owns what having proliferated in the global age, investigations into the relational quality of property rights also matter for international lawyers, who are confronted with new subjects and objects of property, from international investment law to intellectual property law.
Keywords: COMMONS, J.R.; international law; property rights

A moral householding perspective on the sharing economy - Laamanen, Mikko; Wahlen, Stefan; Lorek, Sylvia (Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018)
Abstract In this paper, we scrutinise the sharing economy from a moral householding perspective and evaluate the moral justifications for a sustainable form of the sharing economy. We consider the emergence of normative moral justifications through householding practices that rest on local mobilisation of people in defence of communities and commitments against the adverse impacts of neoliberal market capitalism. Our perspective draws on Karl Polanyi's conceptualisation of householding, that is, autarchic, communistic provision in a closed community. Using timebanking as an example, we illustrate how a moral sharing economy can be mobilised in collective battles against the current neoliberal system of economic crisis. We contribute to the amassing sharing economy literature emphasising a central, yet missing element of the current discourse: householding as practices creating self-sufficiency and autonomy as well as combining both kin and stranger.
Keywords: financial crises; householding; households; market capitalization; mobilisation; moral economy; sharing economy; sustainable development; timebanking

The Truncated Commercialization of Microinsurance and the Limits of Neoliberalism - Bernards, Nick (Development & Change, 2018)
Microinsurance — defined as low‐cost insurance products targeting low‐income populations — exemplifies key themes in contemporary neoliberalism, and has figured prominently in neoliberalism's turn to discourses such as 'risk management' and 'financial inclusion'. The development of commercial markets for microinsurance, however, has in practice been highly variable and often very limited. This article considers the implications of this process of 'truncated commercialization'. It draws on a Polanyian analytical framework that emphasizes the contradictory regulatory dynamics involved in the commodification of labour. The article applies this approach by tracing multiscalar efforts to promote microinsurance, examining the emergence of the concept in the efforts of the International Labour Organization to promote social security for informal workers in the 1980s and 1990s, looking at the adoption of explicitly commercializing imperatives in the work of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors in the 2000s, and, finally, considering a case study of South Africa. The truncated commercialization of microinsurance, it is argued, provides a useful lens through which to see the practical impossibility of neoliberal development strategies.
Keywords: International Association of Insurance Supervisors; International Labour Organisation; commercialization; microinsurance; neoliberalism; social security

What’s Missing - Navickas, Katrina (London Review of Books, 2018)
Capitalism is in crisis, again. Inequality, measured in wages, wealth distribution, employment, ‘affordable’ housing, has become the dominant framework for understanding the economy. Through this lens, people can extrapolate to the macroeconomic from their own individual experiences.
Keywords: MORAL Economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson & the Critique of Capitalism, The (Book); POLANYI LEVITT, Kari; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; book review

A political economy of the Poor People’s Campaign: From MLK and Polanyi to Trump - Callebert, Ralph; Soni, Raji Singh (Sikh Formations, 2018)
A stalemate has emerged in mainstream liberal/left responses to Trump. Many commentators prefer to see our predicament in terms of either class-based or identity politics. Vis-à-vis the influence of the Chicago school of economics and its structural adjustment schemes, we crosshatch MLK’s Poor People’s Campaign and Polanyi’s Great Transformation to envision overcoming this stalemate. King’s effort to radicalize the welfare state from below by linking struggles against poverty, racism, and imperialism shares Polanyi’s focus on the economy’s embeddedness in society. We underscore the importance of King’s and Polanyi’s visions for building a leftist coalition that does not divorce social from economic justice.
Keywords: Great Transformation, The (Book); KING, Martin Luther; Poor People's Campaign; TRUMP, Donald; embeddedness

A liberdade em Polanyi - Baptista, António (The concept of freedom in Polanyi., 2018)
Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation is a powerful criticism of free market ideology and its intrinsic assumptions that is based on an implicit political theory of freedom. The attempt is made here of reconstructing and making explicit Polanyi's concept of "freedom in a complex society" in light of his commitment to a sui generis form of socialism and his lifelong opposition to arguments as found typically in Friedrich Hayek's The Road to Serfdom. (English)
Keywords: Hayek, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; Road to Serfdom (book); degrees of freedom; democracia; democracy; freedom; freedom in a complex society; liberdade; planificação; planning; socialism; socialismo; transformative learning

Ritual Matters: Changing Ontologies, Values, and Ecological Conscience Formation - Davy, Barbara Jane; Quilley, Stephen (Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature & Culture, 2018)
Karl Polanyi (1944, 1968) argued that the 'disembedding' of the economy from society entailed a curtailment of social constraints on economic transactions. This disembedding coincided with what Max Weber (1946) called disenchantment, and the erosion of cognitive-experiential reciprocity between humans and nature. Following Lynn White Jr. (1967), many scholars of religion and ecology have argued that losing the sense of divinity immanent in the world caused the modern devaluation of nature. But the loss of ritual practices is key to this. Integrating Roy Rappaport's (1968, 1979, 1999) understanding of the regulative ecological functions of ritual with a processual understanding of ontology following Norbert Elias (1939, 1978, 1989) suggests that reviving ritual gifting practices may be a vehicle for ecological conscience formation and the social-ecological transformation of modern society. Removing the rituals surrounding the giving of gifts removed crucial informal governance structures from pre-modern cultures, resulting in a general collapse of meaning structures in modern market societies, producing a pervasive individualized ontology and what Elias (1991) called 'the society of individuals'. A revival of ritual gifting practices that re-enchant human relations with other than human persons, such as found in what Graham Harvey (2006, 2016) has called 'the new animism', may revive relational ontology and shift modern society toward a more sustainable path by re-embedding the economy in society.
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; animism; ecological conscience formation; ecology - religious aspects; environmental behaviour; gift economy; informal governance; new animism; ontology; relational ontology; religion and ecology; ritual; systems theory; systems thinking

¿Cooptación o resistencia? Problematizando las estrategias legales y derechos de los movimientos sociales en el dominio socio-económico - Fierro, Alberto (Co-optation or resistance? Problematizing legal strategies and rights for social movements in the socio-economic domain., 2018)
This paper elaborates an analytical template to problematize the politics of legal strategies and rights. In the literature, scholars have been arguing that courts have an individualizing effect on collective struggles, or that (human) rights constitute neoliberal subjects. Yet, it is possible to open this theoretical understanding to further complexities: the inclusion of movements into certain governmentalities may have positive effects for their struggle. The discussion follows two main argumentative axes: first, social movements using legal tools and rights language are possibly deploying strategies of 'counter-conducts': exactly because the law is part and parcel of neoliberal governmentalities, it can constitute a strategic element to redirect and subvert established power relationships. Second, rights in the socio-economic domain (e.g. labor, housing and land) have specific properties which work against economic neoliberalism. Following a classic Polanyian argument, the idea of socioeconomic rights pulls away these goods from the market domain. This creates difficulties to the capitalist economic system, which is based on a rather strict conception of land and housing as commodities. (English)
Keywords: Derechos; contraconductas; counterconducts; estrategias legales; governmentality; gubernamentalidad; legal strategies; movimientos sociales; rights; social movements

Ritual and Economy: From Mutual Embedding to Non-Profit Festivalisation in Provincial Hungary - Hann, Chris (Ritualas ir ekonomika: nuo abipusės nesuprekintos ekonomikos iki nevyriausybinės festivalizacijos provincinėje Vengrijoje., 2018)
'No human beings, at whatever stage of culture, completely eliminate spiritual preoccupations from their economic concerns' (Malinowski 1935: xx). Drawing on the history and theory of economic anthropology from the pioneering investigations of Bronislaw Malinowski to the work of a postdoctoral research team at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (Halle/S) between 2009 and 2012, this paper* explores the interface between ritual and the economy in socialist and post-socialist Eastern Europe. The ruptures of early socialism gave way to a re-embedding of the economy that was especially dynamic in the sphere of the household. By contrast, postsocialist disembedding is proving harder to modify. (English)
Keywords: (at)kerėjimas; (dis)enchantment; (po-)socializmas; (post-)socialism; Eastern Europe; Karlas Polanyi; MALINOWSKI, Bronislaw, 1884-1942; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; economic anthropology; ekonomikos nesuprekinimas; ekonominė antropologija; embeddedness; ritual; ritualas; social anthropology; socialism

China's Middle East investment policy - Kenderdine, Tristan; Lan, Peiyuan (Eurasian Geography & Economics, 2018)
China's greater Middle East geoeconomic strategy is centered on an external trade and industry policy. This trade and industry policy combines geopolicy and geoeconomic policy to export industrial capacity bases in what amounts to a geoindustrial policy and a parallel trade strategy. Practical coordination is under the umbrella of the central International Capacity Cooperation macro-policy. China's provincial governments are then tasked with offshoring China's industrial capacity to Middle East economies through specialized International Capacity Cooperation funds, which are then coordinated by sectoral industry associations: International Capacity Cooperation Industry Enterprise Alliances. The final industrial policy is then deployed by matching China's provinces and prefectures to external geographies. This amounts to a State Outward Direct Investment Strategy. This paper uses primary sourced Chinese policy documents from central and provincial state administrative agencies to build a historical institutional record. We then employ a Polanyian analysis of the embeddedness of State functions in China's external investment activities and industrial transfers, analyzing China's external trade and industry policy in the Middle East in terms of state–market institutional interrelationality.
Keywords: China; China policy; Middle East; Middle East policy; foreign investments; foreign relations; geoeconomics; geoindustrial policy; geopolicy; institutional economics; investment policy

Polanyi neu entdecken: Freiheit, Demokratie und Sozialismus - Novy, Andreas (Rediscover Polanyi: Freedom, democracy and socialism., 2018)
Keywords: BRIE, Michael; Karl Polanyi's Vision of a Socialist Transformation (Book); NONFICTION; Polanyi neu entdecken: Das hellblaue Bandchen zu einem moglichen Dialog von Nancy Fraser und Karl Polanyi (Book); THOMASBERGER, Claus; book review; fiction; nonfiction

Rethinking the Double Movement: Expanding the Frontiers of Polanyian Analysis in the Global South - Goodwin, Geoff (Development & Change, 2018)
Over the last two decades a rich and diverse body of literature has emerged which uses the ‘double movement’ to analyse social, political and economic change in the global South. The main aims of this article are to expand the boundaries of this scholarship and improve our understanding of how to use the concept to analyse capitalist development in the region. It seeks to achieve this by explaining and extending the original formulation of the double movement, creating a dialogue between scholars who follow alternative readings of the concept, and proposing a revised formulation which builds on the existing literature while moving in new directions. The article concludes by signposting potentially fruitful areas of Polanyian analysis.
Keywords: capitalism; commodification; developing countries; development studies; double movement; economic reform; liberalism; political change; social change; social movements

Review of The Hungarian Writings by Karl Polanyi - Moussaly, Omer (International Critical Thought, 2018)
In the current times of political crisis, a giant thinker such as Karl Polanyi will return to the forefront of intellectual debate. Many of his important early articles have only been available in Hungarian or in German. With the publication of The Hungarian Writings (2016), edited by Gareth Dale (Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Brunel University London), a major gap in Polanyi studies has been filled. These essays, published for the first time in English, provide a key to understanding Karl Polanyi’s later works. The range of issues that are reviewed in these writings is astounding. Everything from Marxism to politics, economics and sociology is examined by the extraordinary mind of the author. Events such as the Russian revolution and the significance of Bolshevism are also explored. Lastly, a section of correspondence to such eminent intellectuals as Georg Lukaćs and Istvan Meszaros gives the reader an inside look into the socialist worldview of Karl Polanyi. This book truly shines a new light on many aspects of Polanyi’s critique of capitalism developed in his magnum opus, The Great Transformation (1944). Various aspects of The Hungarian Writings will be explored in depth in this critical review.
Keywords: Bolshevism; Canada; Great Transformation, The (Book); Hungarian Writings, The (Book); Marxism; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; Quebec; Russian Revolution, 1917-1921; economics; nonfiction; socialism

"Race" and the upsurge of antagonistic popular movements in Sweden - Schierup, Carl-Ulrik; Ålund, Aleksandra; Neergaard, Anders (Ethnic & Racial Studies, 2018)
Across a crisis-stricken Europe battles rage for post-neoliberal hegemony, with "race" and "austerity" as central signifiers. One of the places where the frontlines are most pregnant is Sweden; long perceived as a role model for its welfare state, cultural equity and social equality. Sweden is, however, facing social conflicts following in the tracks of a deep transformation in terms of welfare cuts, racialization and growing social polarization, targeting in particular a disadvantaged migrant and post-migrant population. On that background, the paper focuses on the upsurge of mutually antagonistic popular movements - "racist" and "anti-racist". We use Sweden as an exemplary case of Europe's present Polanyian moment, reminiscent of the 1930s. Yet, current upheavals expound, the authors claim, a different configuration of crisis and racism as well as a dissimilar utopia for the imagineering of nation and community.
Keywords: Europe; Sweden; ethnic studies; hostility; immigration opponents; migration; neoliberalism; new right (politics); populism; race; racism; social class; social movements; sociology

Globalization and Business Regulation - Djelic, Marie-Laure; Quack, Sigrid (Annual Review of Sociology, 2018)
In the twenty-first century, global business regulation has come of age. In this article, we review the literature on globalization and business regulation from the angle of transnational governance, a recently evolving interdisciplinary field of research. Despite the multiplicity and plurality of regulatory platforms and products that have emerged over time, we identify common patterns of field structuration and parallel trajectories. We argue that a major trend, both in practice and in scholarly work, is a move away from an idealized convergence around a set of unified global rules; instead, our conceptualizations and our practices of transnational business regulation increasingly demonstrate a concern for the adaptability of transnational rules to resilient and resistant contextual specificities. Another important trend, both in practice and in scholarly fields, is a growing focus on the complex dynamics between rule making on the one hand and rule implementation and monitoring on the other.
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; business regulation; globalization; governance; market ideology; neoliberalism; soft law; transnational; value chains

CONCEITOS DOS IRMÃOS POLANYI COMO FERRAMENTAS DE ANÁLISE DE INDICAÇÕES GEOGRÁFICAS: O CASO DA INDICAÇÃO DE PROCEDÊNCIA DO QUEIJO MINAS ARTESANAL DA REGIÃO DA CANASTRA/MG - Matos, Ligia Aparecida Inhan; Rovere, Renata Lèbre La (Revista Econômica do Nordeste, 2018)
O conhecimento e o território são estudados principalmente por duas ramificações teóricas: pelo enraizamento, baseado em Karl Polanyi e pelo conhecimento tácito, desenvolvido por Michael Polanyi. O objetivo desse artigo é, a partir de uma revisão das duas teorias, propor o uso delas como ferramenta de análise de indicações geográficas e aplicar esta análise ao caso da produção do Queijo Minas Artesanal.  A metodologia utilizada foi o levantamento bibliográfico primário e pesquisa de campo na região com produtores familiares, instituições endógenas e exógenas. Os resultados mostraram que para ocorrer a formalização é necessário que os produtores adquiram novos conhecimentos e inovações provenientes de instituições exógenas. Descobriu-se que as divergências de conhecimento se fundam, principalmente, na forma como o conhecimento tácito e o codificado são transmitidos. Entretanto, para assegurar o conhecimento tradicional do processo produtivo do Queijo Minas Artesanal será necessária a compreensão deste fenômeno por parte das instituições exógenas, que perpassa obrigatoriamente pela confiança e proximidade, somente percebida e transmitida pelas instituições endógenas. Assim a introdução de indicações geográficas pode desencorajar produtores tradicionais a continuar produzindo, levando a uma perda de conhecimento da região.
Keywords: Indicação Geográfica da Canastra.; POLANYI, Michael, 1891-1976; conhecimento tácito; instituições

Information Policy and the Spatial Constitution of Digital Geographic Information Markets - Alvarez León, Luis F. (Economic Geography, 2018)
Information policy has become one of the key instruments for the commodification and marketization of goods in contemporary capitalism. However, the spatializing role of this and other legal regimes has not been explored in depth. Among the categories of goods whose production and circulation is shaped by information policy, geographic information is increasingly salient in the digital economy due to the strategic and economic value derived from its integration of location and context. This article explores the role of information policy regimes in spatially bounding, structuring, and regulating digital geographic information markets. This is conducted through a Polanyian economic geographic approach that contextualizes, integrates, and synthesizes two types of geographic information market formations, and focuses on the institutional dimension of information policy regimes. In developing this approach, the article argues that legal regimes (in this case information policy) are capable of spatializing markets by structuring, integrating, and delimiting the actions of states and other actors, such as private corporations and consumers, within particular jurisdictions. The empirical section of the article illustrates this argument by showing how three aspects of information policy—(1) intellectual property, (2) infrastructure, and (3) commercialization—shape specific configurations of digital geographic information markets within the various administrative scales in the European Union, a globally influential jurisdiction for information policy, and where a regional digital market is in the process of construction. The article concludes by arguing that a Polanyian economic geographic approach provides a solid basis with ample versatility to account for the necessary integration of a legal perspective into the analysis of new kinds of goods (such as digital geographic information) and the spatialities of their emerging market configurations.
Keywords: United States; capitalism; digital economy; geographic information; geographic information systems; information markets; information policy; intellectual property; legal frameworks; prediction markets

The economic shift and beyond: Care as a contested terrain in contemporary capitalism - Aulenbacher, Brigitte; Décieux, Fabienne; Riegraf, Birgit (Current Sociology, 2018)
This article argues that we are witnessing a fundamental transformation of capitalism. Under the auspices of an economic shift, social reproduction and constituent care and care work are undergoing a process of reorganization. The first part draws on Karl Polanyi’s analysis of the relation between market and society and on contemporary revisions of his approach. Referring to core arguments from his perspective on the market society it identifies processes of commodification, marketization and quasi-marketization, which we can understand as an economic shift driving the development in the field of care and care work. The second part refers to empirical studies in Austria and Germany and reflects in terms of a Polanyian double movement on how far care and care work – in the case of elder and child care and, more precisely, home care agencies, residential care communities and the social investment state – have become a contested terrain. The third part, the conclusion, points out how tendencies like the economic shift touch care and care work.
Keywords: Giro económico; Virage économique; agence de soins à domicile; agencias de atención a domicilio; atención a los mayores y la infancia; capitalism; care work; communautés de soin; comunidades de atención; corporate reorganizations; doble movimiento; double movement; doublé mouvement; economic shift; elder and child care; home care agencies; inversión social; investissement social; reproducción social; reproduction sociale; residential care communities and social investment; social reproduction; social services; socioeconomics; soin aux personnes âgées et à l’enfance

Political economy and the need for a moral critique of capitalism - Cruddas, Jon (Renewal (0968252X), 2018)
Keywords: Moral Economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson & the Critique of Capitalism, The (Book); POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; ROGAN, Tim; book review; capitalism; nonfiction

Labour Protest and Industrial Peace: Russian Steelworkers' Encounters with Economic Reforms and Unravelling Social Protections - Evans, Allison D. (Economy and Society, 2018)
The collapse of the Soviet Union brought a series of economic reforms: privatization, increased foreign direct investment and weakened benefits. Correspondingly, some scholars expected trade unions to serve as a major contribution to the development of a democratic civil society that would serve as a Polanyian double movement to these disruptive reforms. However, Russia's steelworkers have stood out as particularly weak and unwilling to strike due to their dependence on their employer for almost all aspects of their livelihoods. But is this lack of large, legally sanctioned and disruptive strikes truly evidence of worker quiescence and weak trade unions? Using an analysis of local newspaper accounts and archival documents to process-trace the interactions of workers, trade unions and management, this paper offers a counter-argument to the generalizations of past studies. Specifically, protests tend to be more frequent and extreme when there is union competition within a company and when foreign owners violate labour laws. Unions tend to engage in non-protest bargaining strategies when companies face bankruptcy or closure under domestic ownership. Because Russia was an early case of the rapid liberalization reforms that have been broadly recommended to developing and post-communist countries, a closer reading of on-the-ground conditions and protest aids in a broader understanding of the variation in backlash to global capitalism.
Keywords: Russia; cement; ceramics; collective bargaining; dispute resolution: strikes, arbitration, and mediation; double movement; glass; industry studies; metals and metal products; population; property rights; socialist systems and transitional economies: factor and product markets; socialist systems and transitional economies: political economy; trade unions: objectives, structure, and effects

Karl Polanyi. El Racionalismo Económico Como Motor De La Utopía Liberal - Goikoetxea Berdonces, Maialen (KARL POLANYI. THE ECONOMIC RATIONALISM AS THE MOTOR OF THE LIBERAL UTOPIA., 2018)
Karl Polanyi's main thesis is the effective separation of society and economy, placing the economy above the society. This artificial separation will be carried out by a series of theoretical tools and mechanisms -the introduction of fictitious goods and economic rationalism as a social premise- that will blind an overall view of the social panorama, focusing only on the economic aspects of it, causing that way, an unprecedented human crisis. (English)
Keywords: capitalism; capitalismo; economic rationalism; fictitious goods; liberal utopia; mercancías ficticias; racionalismo económico; utopía liberal

The Moral Economists. R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism - Gruber, Stephan (Economía (02544415), 2018)
Keywords: book review

Reconstructing Polanyi? - Levien, Michael (Development & Change, 2018)
Most people read Karl Polanyi today because his critique of laissez faire capitalism seems remarkably applicable to our neoliberal times. Although his late work on ancient and ‘archaic’ economies has enjoyed a consistent specialist readership, Polanyi is best known today for his 1944 magnum opus, The Great Transformation (henceforth GT). Covering a large sweep of mostly European history, the GT seeks to show that the attempt to create a ‘self-regulating market’ was a radical and recent departure from all preexisting economies; that this effort to ‘disembed’ the market from society required a great deal of state planning and force; and that the commodification of the ‘fictitious commodities’ land, labour and money was so socially destructive that it generated countermovements that demanded, and in some measure achieved, social protection. Polanyi termed this whole cycle of disembedding and re-embedding the market the ‘double movement’, and tried to show that it was the underlying cause of the great depression, fascism and two world wars. Given the relentless march of commodification in the neoliberal period and the variety of political responses this has generated (from both the left and far right), many people have been drawn to the idea that we are living through another double movement.
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; Reconstructing Polanyi: Excavation & Critique (Book); book review; double movement; nonfiction

European Politics and the Neoliberal Paradigm - Sliwinski, Krzysztof (Australian & New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 2018)
This paper looks at the European integration project in its current iteration drawing on Karl Polanyi's assertion that markets are inseparable from the socio-cultural context. In this regard, all attempts to liberalise the economy (not excluding European integration, which is based on the principle of the single market) have practical and indeed tangible political ramifications. The main hypothesis of the paper lies in the recognition of the fact that the neoliberal agenda is one of the defining features of European integration. It is after all, the project of the single market, with its free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour that underpins European Union integrative practice. Secondly, it is the presupposition of this paper, that there is a certain degree of congruence between the economic elites, operating within the neoliberal framework, and the centre-left political elites. The argument here is that the logic of neoliberalism has been fundamentally accepted across the mainstream of the political spectrum. This consequently means that even left-wing parties have had to reposition themselves both ideologically and practically, which brings the conclusion that the market has lost its role as the basic ideological differentiator between the traditional right and left. The axis of political debate has consequently shifted to moral issues such as the relationship between the state and the church, immigration, and gender.
Keywords: EU; European Union; European integration; democracy deficit; international studies; neoliberalism; political ideologies

THE CONCEPT OF THE FOOD REGIME AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOD SITUATION IN THE MODERN WORLD. Концепция Продовольственного Режима И Тенденции Развития Продовольственной Ситуации В Современном Мире - Malov, Alexander Vadimovich (2018)
This article is devoted to the study of the food regime, a concept little known in Russian academic literature. The author identifies the "theoretical and methodological platform" of the concept using a comparative approach and retrospective analysis. The ensemble of a comparative-historical approach, a method of analyzing secondary data and a forecasting method contributed to the consolidation of the concept of the food regime as a tool capable of streamlining the global stages of production, consumption and distribution of food in historical retrospect as well as in the foreseeable future. The author demonstrates that the consistent transformation of food regimes comes about due to the conflict between two principles, "protectionism" and "free trade," which are effectively adapted to different political and economic realities. The identified "sequence" is consistent with the general position of the theory of Karl Polanyi (the Double Movement) and allows us to assert that the foundation of the Fourth Food Regime will be based on a modified version of protectionism. This is confirmed by the growing popularity of the transnational movement La Via Campesina and the growing demand for its revolutionary strategy of Food Sovereignty. (English)
Keywords: double movement; food regime; food security; food sovereignty; globalization; глобализация; двойное движение; продовольственная безо-пасность; продовольственный режим; продовольственный суверенитет

Концепция Продовольственного Режима И Тенденции Развития Продовольственной Ситуации В Современном Мире - Малов, Александр Вадимович (Moscow University Political Science Bulletin Series 12, 2018)
Alternate Title: THE CONCEPT OF THE FOOD REGIME AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOD SITUATION IN THE MODERN WORLD. This article is devoted to the study of the food regime, a concept little known in Russian academic literature. The author identifies the "theoretical and methodological platform" of the concept using a comparative approach and retrospective analysis. The ensemble of a comparative-historical approach, a method of analyzing secondary data and a forecasting method contributed to the consolidation of the concept of the food regime as a tool capable of streamlining the global stages of production, consumption and distribution of food in historical retrospect as well as in the foreseeable future. The author demonstrates that the consistent transformation of food regimes comes about due to the conflict between two principles, "protectionism" and "free trade," which are effectively adapted to different political and economic realities. The identified "sequence" is consistent with the general position of the theory of Karl Polanyi (the Double Movement) and allows us to assert that the foundation of the Fourth Food Regime will be based on a modified version of protectionism. This is confirmed by the growing popularity of the transnational movement La Via Campesina and the growing demand for its revolutionary strategy of Food Sovereignty. (English)
Keywords: double movement; food regime; food security; food sovereignty; globalization; глобализация; двойное движение; продовольственная безо-пасность; продовольственный режим; продовольственный суверенитет

Capitalism goes care: Elder and child care between market, state, profession, and family and questions of justice and inequality - Aulenbacher, Brigitte; Décieux, Fabienne; Riegraf, Birgit (Equality, Diversity & Inclusion, 2018)
The starting point of the paper is the meteoric rise of care and care work upon the societal and sociological agenda. Referring to Polanyi, the authors argue that this is the manifestation of a new phase of capitalist societalisation (Vergesellschaftung) of social reproduction in the form of an economic shift. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the societal organisation of care and care work and questions of inequality and justice.Design/methodology/approach The first part of the paper illustrates some facets of the economic shift in the field of care and care work. The second part reconstructs the societal organisation of care and care work in the private sector, state, third sector and private households from the mid-twentieth century in the context of questions of inequality and justice. The third part draws on the institutional logics perspective and French pragmatic sociology and the own case studies on home care agencies (HCA), residential care communities (RCC) and early child care (ECC) in Austria and Germany and shows how conflicting demands give rise to new questions of justice. The paper ends with a short conclusion.Findings The paper shows how the commodification and de-commodification of care and care work have changed over time and how the economic shift – illustrated in the case of HCA, RCC and ECC – is accompanied by conflicting demands and questions of justice.Originality/value A Polanyian perspective on the relation between market and society is combined with the neo-institutionalist and pragmatic idea that orientations rooted in the “logics” of the market, the state, the family and the profession influence how conflicting demands in elder and child care are dealt with and how questions of inequality and justice arise.
Keywords: capitalism; care work; caring communities and social investment; community health services; countermovement; decommodification; economic systems; elder and child care; home care agencies; home care services; social justice; social reproduction

A hands-on hands-off approach: governance of managed long-term care services in a context of rapid policy change - Nisbet, Elizabeth (Public Management Review, 2018)
Amidst state-level budgetary pressures and growing elderly populations, many US states have adopted managed care for home-based services funded through the Medicaid program. New York State’s managed care mandate is part of a Medicaid ‘Redesign’ targeting health outcomes, cost control, and administrative efficiency, reflecting features emphasized by both governance and New Public Management frameworks, but neither adequately captures this case. Incorporating a Polanyian perspective can elucidate this market expansion and related reactions and re-regulation. Drawing from interviews with staff of service-providing agencies, this case study reveals outcomes contrary to goals: administrative complexity, containment of care, and unexpected costs.
Keywords: United States; United States federal budget; cost control; governance; health care reform; home care services; long-term care; medicaid; medical care costs; public management

Rethinking Money as an Institution of Capitalism and the Theory of Monetary Circulation: What Can Modern Heterodox Economists/Institutionalists Learn from Karl Polanyi? - Seccareccia, Mario; Correa, Eugenia (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2018)
Modern heterodox theories of money reject the neoclassical conception of money as primarily a medium to facilitate exchange. These heterodox theories of money all have as common starting point an analysis of credit-debt relations in which production is a central feature, with these economies organized along capitalistic design. The Keynesian-Marxian framework describing the process of monetary circulation, traditionally referred to as the theory of the monetary circuit (TMC), perhaps best represents this comprehensive vision. This broad TMC analytical framework is compatible with institutionalist theories of money that also point to the importance of credit-debt relations. The question, however, is whether this more unified heterodox theory of money, which describes sequentially monetary relations under capitalism, can be used to understand pre-capitalistic monetary institutions. By conceptualizing money as a means of payment rather than medium of exchange, Karl Polanyi’s analysis offers social scientists crucial insights to understanding monetary relations in all types of societies in which credit-debt relations have emerged historically.
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; credit; credit-debt relations; debt; heterodox economics; monetary circuit; money; money as a means of payment; neoclassical school of economics

L’apparent paradoxe de la notoriété actuelle de Karl Polanyi - Servet, Jean-Michel (Revue Francaise de Socio-Economie, 2018)
Pour qui est convaincu qu’un auteur n’a rien d’un esprit tombé du ciel et qu’un écrit particulier ne peut être produit dans n’importe quelles conditions, comme pour qui pense que son biographe doit absorber les conditions économiques, sociales, politiques, morales et intellectuelles spécifiques de sa vie, ses racines familiales, ses réseaux de proches et d’amis, ses collaborations professionnelles, les débats scientifiques auxquels il a participé et jusqu’à ses traits psychologiques et somatiques, Karl Polanyi. A life on the left, la biographie que Gareth Dale, senior lecturer à la Brunel University de Londres, a consacrée à l’auteur de La Grande Transformation, peut être considérée comme un modèle. Elle remplit en effet largement l’objectif qu’il se donne : « met[tre] l’accent sur le processus de formation intellectuelle de Polanyi, car il a interagi avec l’environnement social et géopolitique changeant », et elle a été en cela largement saluée par ceux et celles qui en ont rendu compte. À la différence d’autres travaux moins bien documentés car réalisés par des biographes ignorant le hongrois et l’allemand et réduits à une documentation essentiellement en langue anglaise, les compétences linguistiques (pour ce qui est de l’allemand) associées à une subvention lui permettant de disposer de la traduction de textes en hongrois ou de leurs résumés, de ce spécialiste de l’œuvre de Polanyi et plus généralement des rapports internationaux et politiques de l’époque où ce dernier a vécu lui ont permis de saisir avec finesse le contexte global et personnel de Polanyi…
Keywords: Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); book review

In the market for humane rights - Inglis, Fred (Times Higher Education, 2018)
Keywords: Human rights; Moral Economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson & the Critique of Capitalism, The (Book); Rogan, Tim; austerity (economics); book review; cultural history; nonfiction

Textos escogidos | Karl Polanyi - Bocayuva, Pedro Cláudio Cunca (Cadernos do Desenvolvimento, 2018)
A leitura e síntese na longa duração recebe em Karl Polanyi a elegante solução que vem sendo apropriada na crítica ao mercado autorregulado da era neoliberal. Na forma de uma (quase) metáfora, “A grande transformação” descreve a ascensão e a crise da sociedade liberal, com os fenômenos extremos que desencadeia com a sua sede de universalização. As guerras, as revoluções e o fascismo marcam a tensão que transforma as relações internacionais. Nesta obra, temos um trabalho de pesquisa e reflexão sobre a formação do mundo contemporâneo que se inscreve entre as obras que têm merecido uma releitura na atualidade em função do pensamento único. O retorno à leitura da obra de Polanyi é mais do que um pé-de-página na economia política e nas teorias críticas que se dedicam aos estudos de temas internacionais e às questões do desenvolvimento. A leitura antropológica da formação dos intercâmbios, a leitura política da separação entre economia e política e a imposição da lógica de destruição permanente do capitalismo exigem uma releitura teórica e metodológica a partir das pistas e dos caminhos deixados por Karl Polanyi. De modo que possamos interpretar as novas condições internacionais em que se retoma a utopia ultraliberal, o seu modelo de análise dos conceitos que sugeriu precisam ser tensionados antes de reaplicados nos cenários históricos emergentes de formação, crise e transformação pela reafirmação do projeto da sociedade liberal. [CONTINUA]
Keywords: international relations

The Double Movement in Polanyi and Hayek: Towards the Continuation of Life - Faria, Filipe Nobre (Ethics, Politics & Society, 2018)
Karl Polanyi’s double movement is a dialectical process characterized by a continuous tension between a movement towards social marketization and a movement towards social protectionism. Notably, Polanyi condemns the former movement while defending the latter. Without using the term “double movement”, F.A Hayek’s theory of social evolution acknowledges the same phenomenon but reaches different normative conclusions. While for Polanyi the marketization of society is a utopia with dystopian consequences, Hayek’s evolutionary explanation of this dialectical process asserts that there is no alternative to a market oriented society. Both authors defend that their favoured movement is the one that truly supports the continuity of life. This article compares the authors’ normative readings of the double movement and concludes that, from an evolutionary perspective, Polanyi’s conclusion possesses a robustness that Hayek’s postulate lacks.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; double movement

Is Capitalism a Threat to Democracy? - Crain, Caleb (2018)
The idea that authoritarianism attracts workers harmed by the free market, a theory that emerged when the Nazis were in power, has been making a comeback.
Keywords: Can Democracy Survive Global Capitalism; KUTTNER, Robert; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; capitalism; democracy; the populist temptation

The Significance of Polanyi's Contribution: An Interpretation of the Neoliberalization and Commodification of Nature - Iannuzzi, Giulia (Janus.Net: e-Journal of International Relations, 2018)
Polanyi's analysis and contributions have been brought back into discussion due to the rapid emergence of market-based instruments designed to tackle environmental degradation. Polanyi is a crucial reference in current debates on globalization and international political economy. This article seeks to explore and discuss how his perspective, and the founding concepts of his work, can help us to interpret the current process of the neoliberalization and commodification of nature.
Keywords: commodification; commodification of nature; environment; globalization; international relations; neoliberalism

Markets in West Africa: Karl Polanyi, or what sort of social formation - Saul, Mahir (Market as Place and Space of Economic Exchange: Perspectives from Archaeology and Anthropology, 2018)
Keywords: West Africa; disembeddedness; economic anthropology; economic history; markets

Polanyi in times of populism: Vision and contradiction in the history of economic ideas - Holmes, Christopher (Routledge, 2018)
The rise of populism across Europe and the US – first in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis and then in the shape of Donald Trump’s presidential campaign and the Brexit vote in 2016 – are indicative of a seismic shift in the terrain of economic ideas in public discourse. Settled liberal norms concerning ever-increasing international market expansion, and the political integration required to sustain it, have been decisively upset by political forces that, whilst once on the fringes, now dominate economic debate. How might we make sense of this ideological breakdown and what might we hope for next? This book turns to the work of Karl Polanyi for answers, developing the expansive, historicised approach to political economy that Polanyi pioneered. Holmes provides a wide-ranging history of economic ideas read in terms of a series of hopeful theoretical visions of order, in which political, social and ecological contradictions could be transcended in one way or another. Through this, the book demonstrates that the failing utopian visions of pre-2008 economic orthodoxy, which have formed the backdrop to the rise of populism today, are only the latest in a series that stretches across economic thought in Western modernity as a whole. This book will interest students and scholars of IPE, political science, sociology, anthropology, law and history.
Keywords: political science / general; populism

The Great Transformer - Harrison, Roger Gran (American Interest, 2018)
Keywords: Great Transformation, The (Book); economic history; nonfiction; social history

Karl Polanyi's Genealogy of Utopian Liberalism - England, Christopher (Theory & Event, 2018)
Despite its centrality to current debates about globalization and neoliberalism, aspects of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation remain poorly understood. This article places Polanyi in conversation with Weber, Nietzsche, and Foucault in order to explicate his genealogy of utopian liberalism. This mode of thought emerged in the late 18[sup th] century as a response to the mass pauperism of the Industrial Revolution in England. It substituted a mechanistic naturalism for the political and ethical concerns of earlier economists. Polanyi shows that the allure of utopian liberalism is sustained because it functions as the public theodicy of a market society.
Keywords: FOUCAULT, Michel, 1926-1984; NIETZSCHE, Friedrich; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; genealogy; globalization; liberalism; neoliberalism; utopian liberalism

La Contribución Del Análisis Institucional a Las Ciencias Sociales! - Polanyi, Karl (Revista de Economía Institucional, 2018)
El artículo presenta un discurso del autor en la Conferencia de la Sociedad de Postgrado de Economía de la Universidad de Colombia, Nueva York, en 1950, acerca del análisis institucional a las ciencias sociales. Comenta sobre la relación entre tales ramas de las ciencias sociales como la historia, la economía y la antropología. ENG: The article presents a speech by the author at the Conference of the Graduate Society of Economics of the University of Colombia, New York, in 1950, about the institutional analysis of the social sciences. Comment on the relationship between such branches of the social sciences such as history, economics and anthropology
Keywords: For a New West: Essays 1919-1958 (Book); POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; anthropology; anthropology & history; economics; ethnohistory; history & economics; original work; social science research; social sciences

Uncertainty, Control, and Karl Polanyi's Protective Response - Zalewski, David A. (Journal of Economic Issues, 2018)
Post-Keynesian institutionalist economists like Wallace Peterson and John Kenneth Galbraith recognized that the impact of uncertainty on economic wellbeing depends in part on the degree of control people have over the sources and consequences of it. Given the inability of government and other large institutions to reduce uncertainty or to provide citizens with the ability to manage it, mediating structures are considered as an alternative means of promoting economic security. The article concludes by describing and evaluating several of these alternatives.
Keywords: Austrian; Stockholm School; criteria for decision-making under risk and uncertainty; current heterodox approaches: historical; evolutionary; general welfare; history of economic thought since 1925: historical; history of economic thought: individuals; institutional; well-being

The Moral Economists: R. H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E. P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism - Crook, Paul (Australian Journal of Politics & History, 2018)
The Moral Economists: R. H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E. P. Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism. By Tim Rogan (Princeton and Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2017), pp.263 + viii. AU$48.82 (hb). Available in Australia through Footprint Books.
Keywords: MORAL Economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson & the Critique of Capitalism, The (Book); POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964 - political & social views; ROGAN, Tim; TAWNEY, R. H. (Richard Henry), 1880-1962; THOMPSON, E. P. (Edward Palmer), 1924-1993; book review; nonfiction; political attitudes

Beyond Double Movement and Re-regulation: Polanyi, the Organized Denial of Money Politics, and the Promise of Democratization - Feinig, Jakob (Sociological Theory, 2018)
Although Karl Polanyi is best known for his theorization of market regulation and the double movement, democratizing the economic was one of his core concerns. He believed societies need to bring labor, land, and money under collective oversight to displace the logic of market fundamentalism with the logic of human needs. In this article, the author draws on Polanyi’s vocabulary to shed light on the denial of money politics and the possibility of democratization. The author illustrates these dynamics through an analysis of long-term dynamics of (de)politicization in British colonial America and the United States through the 1930s. The author developed this approach hoping that it can contribute to nudging public debates beyond regulation and monetary policy techniques and toward popular involvement and knowledge.
Keywords: Polanyi; democratization; depoliticization; double movement; gold standard; money; social theory; sociology

The Polanyian Intellectual Legacy for the 21st century: Recent Japan-based Research on the Contributions of Karl Polanyi - Midori Wakamori (Journal of Economics / Keizaigaku Zasshi, 2018)
This paper presents a memorial to the great Hungarian economist Karl Polanyi, with special emphasis on recent Japanese scholarship. To begin with, I affirm that for Polanyi “fictitious commodities” and “fictitious commodity markets" were key institutions of market society. Next I consider his assertion that the Poor Law controversy played a crucial role in introducing a competitive labor market into Britain from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century. Polanyi explained that during that period a “theory of self-responsibility for poverty and unemployment” emerged, as did the beginning of economic liberalism. Then I emphasize that in his thinking, the rise of fascism is related to the fatal errors of liberal economic policymaking. According to Polanyi, the austerity policies of economic liberalism, which subordinated people's interests to those of the financial sector and undermined efforts to maintain peace, had a destructive influence on the lives of the people living in deficit states and in the Western democracies. His analysis of economic liberalism and fascism remains useful for considering the emergence of bad populism' (which is antithetical to democracy and human freedom) in our own age. Finally, in this paper, I examine Polanyi's thoughts on human freedom
Keywords: Japan; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; Polanyian approaches; austerity (economics); labor market; labour market

Situated responses to the post‐political city: An introduction - Richter, Anna; Fitzpatrick, Susan (Area, 2018)
It seems with the ever more complex instituting of aggressive neoliberal renewal policies comes an intensified effort to use the language of consensus and civic unity. The post‐political debate frames this discussion, and it is from this perspective that we propose a fuller consideration of urban renewal policy, and how these forces are embedded within the narrowing of what has been called the “properly political”. In bringing together accounts of the dynamic political life of communities and groups of interest who are confronting urban renewal policy in Glasgow, we make a case for recognising an intensification of political articulation, position‐taking and action. This recognition comes in response to the argument that we are currently experiencing a post‐political consensus and that democracy has been annulled in the process. We see evidence of a Polanyian “double movement” in which the construction of consensual publics is such a marked characteristic across different accounts, and how this appears to have opened up new critical spaces of debate and action within the various communities of interest. We therefore openly question the post‐political as a condition, or a process, which seemingly unfolds unimpeded. We fear that “post‐political” runs the risk of becoming a citational practice, that through repetition of the term, a narrowing of political articulation and action within the debate starts to occur. Our case studies aim to highlight the blind spots of the post‐political debate by focusing on the actually existing spaces of political articulation and position‐taking apparent in Glasgow.
Keywords: Glasgow; articulation (speech); consensus (social sciences); debates & debating; political; urban policy; urban renewal

A Theoretical Note on Commodification of Labour Power in China and the Global Putting-Out System - Westra, Richard (Journal of Contemporary Asia, 2018)
This article captures China's role in global manufacturing through the prism of conceptualisation of the commodification of labour power in Marxist theory. It argues that modalities of China's labour force co-optation in assembly and lower value added production for export of consumer goods to advanced economies carries more of a family resemblance with putting-out systems of the pre- capitalist era than with the commodification of labour power sensu stricto marking the capitalist era from the mid-nineteenth century.
Keywords: China; MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; capitalism; commodification; commodification of labour power; consumer goods; global value chains; globalization; international trade; labour supply; manufacturing industries; putting-out system; value chains

Discursive Synergies for a ‘Great Transformation’ Towards Sustainability: Pragmatic Contributions to a Necessary Dialogue Between Human Development, Degrowth, and Buen Vivir - Beling, Adrián E.; Vanhulst, Julien; Demaria, Federico; Rabi, Violeta; Carballo, Ana E.; Pelenc, Jérôme (Ecological Economics, 2018)
There is a growing awareness that a whole-societal “Great Transformation” of Polanyian scale is needed to bring global developmental trajectories in line with ecological imperatives. The mainstream Sustainable Development discourse, however, insists in upholding the myth of compatibility of current growth-based trajectories with biophysical planetary boundaries. This article explores potentially fertile complementarities among trendy discourses challenging conventional notions of (un)sustainable development – Human Development, Degrowth, and Buen Vivir – and outlines pathways for their realization. Human Development presents relative transformative strengths in political terms, while Degrowth holds keys to unlocking unsustainable material-structural entrenchments of contemporary socio-economic arrangements, and Buen Vivir offers a space of cultural alterity and critique of the Euro-Atlantic cultural constellation. The weaknesses or blind spots (‘Achilles heels’) of each discourse can be compensated through the strengths of the other ones, creating a dialogical virtuous circle that would open pathways towards a global new “Great Transformation”. As one of the main existing platforms for pluralist and strong-sustainability discussions, Ecological Economics is in a privileged position to deliberately foster such strategic discursive dialogue. A pathway towards such dialogue is illuminated through a model identifying and articulating key discursive docking points.
Keywords: biophysics; degrowth; ecosystem services; environemntal economics; post-development; pragmatics; socio-ecological transition; strategic dialogue; sustainable development; transformation discourses

In Search of Substantive Economics: Comparing Today's Two Major Socio-metabolic Approaches to the Economy – MEFA and MuSIASEM - Gerber, Julien-François; Scheidel, Arnim (Ecological Economics, 2018)
Ecological economics is largely about the ‘substantive’ (in ‘kind’) study of the economy, as opposed to a purely ‘formal’ economic analysis (in ‘money’). Following Kapp, Polanyi and others, this article argues that ‘substantive economics’ is interested in the biophysical and politico-institutional structure of the economy rather than in correct prices within a particular axiomatic conformity, as in ‘formal economics’. After outlining the history of the substantive vs. formal dichotomy, we point out that socio-metabolic analyses are ecological economics' most significant contribution towards substantive economics. The core of this article then compares what could be today's two best candidates for offering a distinctive foundation to ecological economics as substantive economics: Material and Energy Flows Analyses (MEFA) and Multi-Scale Integrated Analyses of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM). While MEFA is more easily comparative and historical, MuSIASEM is more integrative and comprehensive. Yet we also argue that socio-metabolic analyses represent one of the three pillars of substantive economics and that both MEFA and MuSIASEM are still weak in integrating the politico-institutional structure (second pillar) and a theory of needs (third pillar). If such an integration was done, ecological economics would be in a position to offer a full-fledge, alternative ‘substantive economic theory’.
Keywords: MEFA; MuSIASEM; biophysics; comparative studies; ecological economics; economic impact; environmental economics; social metabolism; substantive economics

Reconstructing Karl Polanyi: Excavation and Critique - Neelakandan, Sanil M. (Capital & Class, 2018)
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; Reconstructing Karl Polanyi: Excavation & Critique (Book); economists; nonfiction

Costly Fix: Power, Politics, and Nature in the Tar Sands - Urquhart, Ian Thomas (University of Toronto Press, 2018)
Costly Fix examines the post-1995 Alberta tar sands boom, detailing how the state inflated the profitability of the tar sands and turned a blind eye to environmental issues. It considers the position of First Nations, the character and strength of environmental critiques, and the difficulties that environmental groups and First Nations have had in establishing a countermovement to market fundamentalism. The final chapter discusses how Alberta's new NDP government, in its first couple of years, has addressed the legacies they have inherited from the previous Progressive Conservative government on climate change, royalties, and the blight of tailings ponds in the boreal forest. Throughout the book, Urquhart demonstrates that too many actors have done too little to prevent Alberta's boreal forest from becoming a landscape sacrificed for unsustainable economic growth.
Keywords: Alberta; Canada; First Nations; double movement; environmentalism; tar sands

Latin American Structuralism and Current Financialization - Déniz, José; Marshall, Wesley C. (International Journal of Political Economy, 2018)
In this article, we attempt to update the understanding of the external constraint in Latin America by examining the recent history of the region through the analytical framework of Karl Polanyi in The Great Transformation. As we argue, the greatest force behind today’s external restriction is the financial sector, much as it was a century ago. To reinforce this hypothesis, we provide the reader with relatively new historical material and with arguments made by scholars from diverse backgrounds. Taking into consideration the political and economic structures of Latin America, we argue that the international connections between the elite of the center and the periphery remain the key aspect in understanding today’s complex reality.
Keywords: Great Transformation, The (Book); Latin America; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; external restriction; financialization; structuralism

The agrifood question and rural development dynamics in Brazil and China: towards a protective ‘countermovement’ - Escher, Fabiano; Schneider, Sergio; Ye, Jingzhong (Globalizations, 2018)
This paper explores some features of the development paths taken by Brazil and China (two member countries of the BRICS grouping) in the current context of the crisis of neoliberal globalization and transformation of the political and economic world order. The authors use Polanyi’s ‘double movement’ thesis to argue that newly emerging rural development (RD) dynamics in China and Brazil are part of a protective ‘countermovement’, driven by actors and institutions responding to the contradictions of the concentration and internationalization of agrifood systems. However, thedirectionand scope of these countermovements are still open; their transformative potential should be viewed in Gramsci’s terms as a struggle for hegemony the outcome of which depends on the concrete ‘balance of social forces’. First, the paper characterizes the impacts of China’s rise on Brazil’s development, which subsequently found its economy under threat of reprimarization and deindustrialization. The paper then sketches some stylized facts of production and consumption within the Brazil–China soy–meat complex, a key element of the current global food regime, with a focus on corporate control of the soy–meat value chain, and its negative consequences. Finally, the paper identifies the key roles that actors and institutions linked to peasants and family farmers are playing in the RD dynamics of each country. Although China and Brazil represent two very different realities, the comparison shows that critical rural and agrifood issues are indeed moving onto the centre stage of the contemporary ‘double movement’.
Keywords: Brazil; Brazil–China soy–meat complex; China; deindustrialization; double movement; farming practices; food industry; globalization; production–consumption relations; rural development; rural policies

Desenvolvimento territorial no Brasil: uma análise a partir da concepção teórica de Karl Polanyi - Waldecy Rodrigues; Nayara Silva Santos (Desarrollo territorial en Brasil: un análisis desde Karl Polanyi., 2018)
This paper analyzes the municipal development in Brazil from the theoretical design of Karl Polanyi. Methodologically, the Polanyi's city development index of Polanyi (IDMP). The results show that according to the concepts analyzed, the Brazilian municipalities, in their majority, have multidimensional incipient features and that there is a direct positive relationship between economic pluralism and quality of life levels. (English)
Keywords: Brazil; abordagem multidimensional; approche multídimensionnelle; city development; desarrollo; desarrollo municipal; desenvolvimento; desenvolvimento municipal; development; developpement; developpement des municipalites; economia plural; economía diversa; enfoque multidimensional; multidimensional approach; plural economy; économie plurielle

The Double Movement of the Landlord Class in Prewar Japan - Cohen, Mark (Journal of Japanese Studies, 2018)
The role of the landlord class in Japan's prewar economic and political development has been widely debated. Moving beyond conflicting arguments of landlords as semifeudal exploiters or as the linchpins of rural market development, more recent research has emphasized the nonmarket institutions, often inherited from the Tokugawa era, in which the contractual relations between landlords and tenants were embedded. However, this research has overemphasized the continuity of the rural economy. Rather than a smooth development, the historical trajectory of rural economic growth followed the "double movement" of capitalist development identified by the historian and economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi.
Keywords: Japan; Tokugawa Period, Japan, 1600-1868; capitalism; double movement; history; landlord-tenant relations

Karl Polanyi vs Friedrich von Hayek: The Socialist Calculation Debate and Beyond - Dale, Gareth (Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part XIV: Liberalism in the Classical Tradition: Orwell, Popper, Humboldt and Polanyi, 2018)
It is well known that Friedrich von Hayek’s The Road to Serfdom and Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation were written contemporaneously (between 1940 and 1943), that their authors propounded antithetical political ideologies (right-wing liberalism and left social democracy respectively), and that the two books revolve around a similar problematique: the causes of the collapse of liberal order in the interwar era. This chapter undertakes a detailed comparison of Hayek and Polanyi’s Weltanschauung (including ethics, economic analysis, and political perspectives). It reveals a chequered picture, in which diametrically opposed political views articulate with points of striking agreement in economic analysis. This helps to explain the manner in which certain Polanyian theses, notably on the ‘constructed’ market order and the ‘spontaneous’ social-movement response, appear to mirror those of Hayek.
Keywords: Great Transformation, The (Book); HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; Polanyi; constructed market order; history of economic thought; liberalism; methodology; socialist calculation debate

Reconstructing Globalization in an Illiberal Era - DeMartino, George F. (Ethics & International Affairs, 2018)
In their new indictments of global neoliberalism and the economic profession's culpability in its harms, Dani Rodrik and Joseph Stiglitz press the case for reconstructed globalization that generates benefits for all and not just for corporate and financial elites. Both books are deeply consistent with the insights of Karl Polanyi, who had identified the inherent contradictions of the project to create what he called a self-regulating economy. Like Polanyi, Rodrik and Stiglitz are attentive to the inadequacies of neoliberalism, and both emphasize the capture of the state and international economic policy by elites, who have turned their backs on those left behind. While Stiglitz emphasizes that the profession knows how to fix the problem by applying modern Keynesian insights, Rodrik emphasizes the inherent epistemic limitations facing economists. Indeed, his arguments about development policy reflect the insights of Friedrich Hayek into the limits of economic expertise.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; RODRIK, Dani; STIGLITZ, Joseph; globalization; international relations; nationalism; neoliberalism; policy autonomy; trade; uncertainty

Capabilities Accumulation and Development: What History Tells the Theory - Dosi, Giovanni; Yu, Xiaodan (2018)
In this contribution we offer a broad overview of the technological, institutional and policy dynamics associated with the great transformation--borrowing Karl Polanyi (1944) expression--leading from traditional, mostly rural, economies to economies driven by industrial activities (and nowadays also advanced services), able to systematically learn how to implement and eventually how to generate new ways of producing and new products under conditions of dynamic increasing returns. Such a 'great transformation' entails a major process of accumulation of knowledge and capabilities, both at the levels of individuals and organizations. Certainly, part of such capabilities builds on education and formally acquired skills (what in the economists' jargon often goes under the heading of 'human capital'). However, at least equally important, capabilities have to do with the problem-solving knowledge embodied in organizations--concerning e.g. production technologies, the technical and social division of labor, labor relations as well as 'dynamic capabilities' of search and learning. In turn, the rates and directions of knowledge accumulation during the catch-up process and the ensuing effects upon the patterns of production and trade are shaped by the economic and institutional framework in which such processes are embedded.
Keywords: Great Transformation, The (Book); capability accumulation; catching-up; development; innovation

Summoning Hunger: Polanyi, Piers Plowman, and the Labor Market - Epstein, Robert (Money, Commerce, and Economics in Late Medieval English Literature, 2018)
The “plowing of the half-acre” episode in Langland’s Piers Plowman includes a chilling passage in which Piers summons Hunger to force able but unwilling laborers to work the land. This chapter approaches the episode by way of the economic history of Karl Polanyi, whose critiques of free-market ideology are receiving renewed attention in the context of globalization and the international economic crisis. One of Polanyi’s key points is that the threat of starvation is a prerequisite to the institution of a true labor market—meaning that first the networks of collective support that peasants rely on for survival need to be undermined. The summoning of Hunger shows that Langland is actually more free market in his ideology than are the landowning supporters of the labor statutes.
Keywords: LANGLAND, William; Piers Plowman (book); economic history; globalization; hunger; threat of starvation

Polanyi's Economic Embeddedness, Countermovement, and Republican Political Economy - Escandell, Bru Laín (Ethics, Politics & Society, 2018)
The aim of this article is to contend that Karl Polanyi's work bears significant coincidences with the republican tradition of thought. The first of them is one of a methodological or epistemological kind, and it consists of the use of a very
Keywords: countermovement; embeddedness; political economy; political economy and history; political philosophy; republicanism

A ‘ordem natural’ de Smith e as visões críticas de Marx e Polanyi - Ferreira, Mateus Henrique Veloso (2018)
Esta monografia versa sobre as visões críticas de Karl Marx e Karl Polanyi à ideia de livre mercado proposta por Adam Smith. Smith disserta sobre a positividade no funcionamento automático dos mercados e, assim, funda o bem-estar das sociedades nas ações livres e espontâneas no domínio econômico. Marx crítica essa sociedade livre por visualizar grandes contradições em seu funcionamento, em especial no que diz respeito à relação de trabalho, uma vez que o trabalho é elemento fundamental na manutenção do sistema capitalista, mas ele ocorre de forma a alienar e explorar o trabalhador e, assim, impede o funcionamento positivo do próprio sistema a da vida do proletariado. Polanyi, por sua vez, critica o sistema de mercado por visualizar nele a capacidade negativa de sobrepor as relações econômicas às sociais, de modo que a humanidade e a natureza são convertidas em mercadorias, provocando, assim, a destruição do tecido social da sociedade.
Keywords: MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; SMITH, Adam, 1723-1790; livre mercado

Capitalism: A Conversation in Critical Theory - Fraser, Nancy; Jaeggi, Rahel (John Wiley & Sons, 2018)
In this important new book, Nancy Fraser and Rahel Jaeggi take a fresh look at the big questions surrounding the peculiar social form known as “capitalism,” upending many of our commonly held assumptions about what capitalism is and how to subject it to critique. They show how, throughout its history, various regimes of capitalism have relied on a series of institutional separations between economy and polity, production and social reproduction, and human and non-human nature, periodically readjusting the boundaries between these domains in response to crises and upheavals. They consider how these “boundary struggles” offer a key to understanding capitalism’s contradictions and the multiple forms of conflict to which it gives rise. What emerges is a renewed crisis critique of capitalism which puts our present conjuncture into broader perspective, along with sharp diagnoses of the recent resurgence of right-wing populism and what would be required of a viable Left alternative. This major new book by two leading critical theorists will be of great interest to anyone concerned with the nature and future of capitalism and with the key questions of progressive politics today.
Keywords: boundary struggle; capitalism; political philosophy; triple movement

Reconfiguring the social and solidarity economy in a Danish/Nordic welfare context - Hulgård, Lars; Andersen, Linda Lundgaard (3rd EMES-Polanyi International Seminar. Welfare societies in transition. Polanyi revisited through the lens of welfare state, social democracy and solidarity economy, 2018)
When looking at definitions and understandings of the social and solidarity economy, one issue stands out as particularly significant. The issue of how it links to organizational (micro and meso level dimensions) and societal specificities. Whereas social enterprise also in the EMES ideal typical version (Borzaga & Defourny, 2001) is only indirectly linked to a Polanyian framework (Gardin, 2006), the notion of solidarity economy can hardly be understood at an elaborate level without reference to the Polanyian framework of plurality. Accordingly, in this paper we will first highlight the difference between adopting a social economy and a solidarity economy approach to social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. Within the framework of a social economy perspective, social enterprise is first defined through a set of organizational criteria leaving the relation to the broader and deeper issues of economy and democracy open. As a contrast to this, solidar-ity economy links the organizational dimension of a particular social enterprise to the broader political and economic framework of the particular society (Laville, 2010: 230 ff.). Secondly, we will present and discuss two specific social enterprises that both re-flects the diversity of social enterprise and social entrepreneurial initiatives in a Danish welfare context and provide important insights for developing theories on solidarity economy. The two initiatives differ in shape, space/geography and organizational struc-ture but are important examples of pluralism in a Danish welfare context (Andersen, 2015). Roskilde Festival and Skovgård Hotel share a number of features that place them as interesting agents of solidarity economy. They both display a differentiated activity portfolio of business; public and civil character and they display a differentiated profile of reciprocity, redistribution and democracy that place them as influential in local, regional and national/international contexts. Finally, in the concluding section we discuss how an analysis based upon solidari-ty economy differ from one based solely upon a social economy perspective, and second-ly some future perspectives for the continued evolution of the Danish/Scandinavian wel-fare model.
Keywords: Denmark; plurality; social economy; social enterprise; social entrepreneurship; solidarity economy

The social aftermath of economic disaster: Karl Polanyi, counter-movements in action, and the Greek crisis - Kentikelenis, Alexander E. (Socio-Economic Review, 2018)
The economic crisis in Greece resulted in high unemployment and the dismantlement of social protection policies. How does society respond to the collapse of both welfare-state and market mechanisms? I examine these issues through the study of one working class community in Athens over 2012-13. Since the onset of the crisis, my informants experienced a simultaneous drop in living standards, loss of social status, and debasement of their symbolic construction of reality. To respond to these pressures, they relied on a combination of material survival strategies, the reconfiguration of social resources, and the reconstruction of cultural imaginaries. To explain these findings, the article draws on Karl Polanyi's analysis of countermovements to marketization and commodification. I argue in favour of augmenting the definition of countermovements to capture local-level responses, emphasising cultural aspects of social protection, and tracing the micro-foundations of countermovements that are nonetheless shaped by the macro-institutional context shaping action. This reading of Polanyi's work seeks to integrate many moving--and potentially contradictory--parts into a holistic analysis of societal responses to rapid and radical socioeconomic change.
Keywords: Greece; capitalist systems: political economy; countermovement; economic crisis (2008); financial crises; history of economic thought: individuals; national government expenditures and welfare programs

How the market abandoned morality - Mason, Paul (New Statesman, 2018)
Like the lifelong sinner who makes a deathbed conversion, it was always likely that supporters of neoliberal globalisation would rediscover ethics towards the end. Having devastated communities through indifference, and coercively imposed commercial priorities on to family life, the political “centre” now has to deal with anger, distrust and rejection on an unmanageable scale. In The Future of Capitalism, Paul Collier, a former chief economist at the World Bank, now professor at the Oxford Blavatnik School of Government, attacks the twin ethical systems that have dominated policymaking in the free-market era: utilitarianism and the theories of social justice associated with the political philosopher John Rawls. In their place he outlines a project for the renewal of centrist politics based on communitarian ethics. The project, which he labels “hard centrism”, is backed by an appeal to patriotism and with a mea culpa from the economics profession. We over-egged the benefits of globalisation, trade, migration and light-touch regulation, and the result is an outbreak of fascism and xenophobia from Charlottesville to Katowice. If it were coherent, Collier’s solution might place him as the latest in a line of “moral economists”, broadly aligned with the centre left and stretching from RH Tawney in the 1920s, via Karl Polanyi to Edward Thompson, whose evolution is explored in Tim Rogan’s book The Moral Economists. Unfortunately, Collier’s solutions are not coherent, and about as likely to defuse populist anger as a Goldman Sachs away-day. Collier correctly identifies the symptoms that are driving political radicalisation: the massive inequalities generated by free-market economics; the spatial divide between ex-industrial towns, with their older and less educated workforce, and the buzzing, young cosmopolitan cities; plus the absence of empathy among those who’ve gained under neoliberalism for those who’ve lost out. But for Collier, the root cause of these malfunctions is not the structure of the neoliberal economy itself, nor the rapaciousness of a small financial elite. It is, instead, the rise of a new skilled and salaried middle class who can capture the economic and social gains generated by highly productive and asset-rich city economies. “The newly successful,” writes Collier, “are neither capitalists nor ordinary workers; they are the well educated with new skills. They have forged themselves into a new class, meeting at university and developing a new shared identity in which esteem comes from skill.” This group, says Collier, has not only captured policymaking but, to rub salt in the wound, developed an ideology whereby they – because of their mixed ethnicity and liberal sexuality – can portray themselves as victims in greater need of sympathy than the working poor, and at the same time justify their own lack of ethical belief. Collier’s identification of the urban salariat as a “new class” is not simply a metaphor. He classifies the typical behaviours of young, urban, educated people as economic “rent-seeking”, which, in traditional economics, refers to activities designed to increase your own wealth without increasing the wealth of society. It can range from property speculation to trying to rig government regulations to favour your firm. Collier, however, sees the lifestyle of educated urban people as the same kind of thing. Ducking and diving to get a decent job, investing in private tuition to improve your skills, “delaying marriage or delaying children” – each of these is portrayed as a form of exploitative behaviour, detrimental to the small-town poor, which must be discouraged by taxation and regulation. Just as Keynes wanted “euthanasia of the rentier”, Professor Collier wants fewer lawyers, fewer actors, fewer migrants and fewer people avoiding marriage and family life. If you are wondering what kind of politics emerges from all this, you will not be surprised to learn it is a form of social-democratic conservatism, severely critical of Bernie Sanders, Jean-Luc Mélenchon and Jeremy Corbyn – whose followers are written off as “youthful idiots”. Collier wants to save neoliberalism through a distributional attack on the urban salariat and a repudiation of its morality. So, although he wants to discourage high property values in cities, he is against rent control – which is too Marxist – and against a sudden programme of housebuilding, because it risks tanking house prices. To protect the political system from an enraged radical populace, Collier advocates depriving members of political parties from selecting who leads them – better that only elected representatives should have a say. There is a logic to the nostalgia. Since the most successful and inclusive form of capitalism in our lifetime was the communitarian statism of the 1950s and 1960s, to recreate it Collier argues we have to discourage the morality and lifestyle of educated, mercurial and seemingly amoral young people, limit the migration that is annoying low-skilled people, and promote the “ethical family” and patriotism as the roots of shared identity. But it is a doomed project. First, because it frames the task of renewing capitalism in opposition to the social values of the rising generation. Second, because, unlike the project of the radical left, which seeks to free the young generation from debt peonage and stagnating wages, Collier wants explicitly to penalise them until their behaviour falls into line with the communitarian project. Third, because it avoids the root of the problem: a system mired in financial rent-seeking by super-rich elites and geared to boom, bust and speculation, with an ever-greater fiscal hangover limiting public investment and growth. To these problems, which are the source of radicalisation to the left, Collier’s solutions are timid. Yet the central call of Collier’s book – for a return to ethics in policymaking – is welcome. For as Tim Rogan points out in The Moral Economists, it is remarkable how unmoral the left’s critique of capitalism has become. Across the developed world the dysfunctions of free-market economics are seen as negative material outcomes: rising inequality, low growth and poor social mobility. While the left’s emphasis on material inequality seems unremarkable, says Rogan, “in historical perspective it is extraordinary… An alternative tradition focused less on material outcomes than on moral or spiritual consequences has fallen into disuse.” Surveying the work of Tawney, Polanyi and Thompson, Rogan shows how the 20th-century moral critique of capitalism was rooted in humanism, in part derived from the Judeo-Christian religions, and in part from their last prophet – the early Marx. The attack on humanism after the 1960s, first by structuralist Marxism and then by postmodernism, stripped the left’s moral critique of capitalism of its confidence. For the followers of Louis Althusser, history was a “process without a subject”. The downsides of capitalism had to be calculated functionally – in terms of the rising technology clashing with old forms of social organisation – and not against the moral claim of working-class people to a fully human life, which was seen as a hangover from Christian socialism. Each of the theorists Rogan surveys studied the transition from late feudalism to early capitalism, observing the death of a pre-capitalist moral universe as industrialisation and commerce introduced utilitarian ethics to the masses. Each also observed among the 20th-century working class a surviving moral critique of capitalism and an alternative moral practice: Tawney found it in the everyday solidarity of his contemporaries in the Potteries; Thompson in the literate and cultured lives of the 19th-century pioneers of labour he studied in The Making of the English Working Class (1963). Each, in turn, tried to ground this plebeian moral alternative in something theoretical: for Tawney it was Christian socialism, for Polanyi a rereading of Adam Smith and for Thompson the early Marx. Ultimately, Rogan shows, they were all unsuccessful, leaving the ethical framework for 21st-century capitalism open to the forces Collier derides: utilitarianism and Rawlsian justice theory. Which begs the question: what might be the moral basis for a critique of neoliberal capitalism, should anybody beyond a few nostalgics be in the market for it? If we are to judge the Gestapo-like tactics of the Department for Work and Pensions, the actions of Brett Kavanaugh, or Duterte’s death squads in the Philippines as merely dysfunctional to the operation of the free market and the rule of law, then we don’t need a moral philosophy. The airport bookshelves are groaning with blockbusters insisting humans are “already algorithms”, under the complete control of our DNA and our smart devices, and thus absolved by neuroscience from moral responsibilities founded on human values. For Collier, the biggest mea culpa neoliberalism must deliver is over the destruction of community, without which reciprocal obligations cannot give rise to shared values. But having rejected utilitarianism and social justice, Collier never suggests what the source of a new shared value system might be, other than a spontaneous mass return to the thought-patterns and behaviours of his home town, Sheffield, in the 1960s. People shaped by 30 years of compliance with neoliberalism, for whom freedom has come to mean the ability to choose between latte and cappuccino, cannot return to the value systems of their grandparents. A new moral critique of capitalism would have to be based on a shared concept of the human rights accruing to an adult with a smartphone, a credit card and a Tinder account. The networked generation, written off as amoralists and rent-seekers by Collier, are in fact engaged intensely in questions of practical morality, above all via the agony columns and private social networks of advice. Is it right to “ghost” somebody you slept with but didn’t like? Can polyamory work without someone getting exploited? Can you snort cocaine without becoming complicit in the destruction of rainforests? Though these questions sound facile to the older generation, they should be read as evidence that the young generation is searching for an alternative morality, albeit in a largely godless world. Among the networked social movements of the past ten years, from the British student revolt in late 2010, via Greece and Turkey, through to #MeToo and Corbynism, I’ve found an implicit moral critique of capitalism amounting to this: it dulls human potential, requires absurd levels of performative behaviour, and makes you unhappy. Though that is not the same critique as the one Tawney found in Staffordshire, or Polanyi in 1920s Red Vienna, it is an implicit moral system none the less, and rooted the same desire to live a fully human life. Looked at this way, the networked individuality that characterises the new demos of the 21st century is something more than selfish amoralism. This group, too, can generate oppositional movements, ideologies and projects. It, too, can be communitarian: witness any music festival, or rave, or just a beach such as Brighton or Bondi on a really busy summer’s day. If so, the 21st century will not play out as a battle between the emotionalism of the extremes versus the pragmatism of the centre. It will be a struggle over which moral critique of neoliberalism wins. In that struggle, a truly “hard centre” would make a choice: to ally with the left, with the radical movements inspired by Corbyn, Mélenchon and Sanders, against the fascists, misogynists and xenophobes, wallowing in nostalgia. It’s a choice modern centrism seems determined to avoid making. Paul Mason’s “Clear Bright Future: A Radical Defence of the Human Being” will be published next year by Allen Lane The Future of Capitalism: Facing the New Anxieties Paul Collier Allen Lane, 256pp, £20 The Moral Economists: RH Tawney, Karl Polanyi, EP Thompson, and the Critique of Capitalism Tim Rogan Princeton University Press, 280pp, £30
Keywords: MORAL Economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E.P. Thompson & the Critique of Capitalism, The (Book); book review

Mercados, historia y teleología: reflexiones desde la noción de «doble movimiento» de Karl Polanyi - Polo Blanco, Jorge Polo (CONVIVIUM, 2018)
En el presente trabajo mostraremos que la filosofía liberal operó en muchas ocasionesa través de un esquema teleológico, desde el cual entendía que la espontaneidad delmovimiento histórico conducía de forma natural hacia una economía de mercados libres.Semejante interpretación tenía que presuponer otra controvertida tesis, a saber, que lascategorías que informan la racionalidad práctica dentro de una sociedad de mercado no sonuna simple contingencia histórica, sino que responden a la estructura lógica de cualquieracción humana; esto es, como si toda acción humana, en cualquier tiempo y lugar, hubiesefuncionado a través de una misma lógica inmutable que coincidía, en lo esencial, con laracionalidad típica de una economía de mercado. Para adentrarnos críticamente en estaproblemática utilizaremos la obra de Karl Polanyi, cuya obra se oponía frontalmente a estasdos tesis manejadas por el liberalismo económico.
Keywords: MISES, Ludwig von; doble movimiento; double movement; economía de mercado; historical teleology; market economy; teleología histórica

Karl Polanyi and the formation of this generation's new Left - Sandbrook, Richard (IPPR Progressive Review, 2018)
The article discusses whether the visionary thinking of economic historian Karl Polanyi provide a feasible fix in the 21st Century for forces of populism and neoliberalism. Topics include Polanyi's work is stated to offer three potential contributions to the formation of this generation's new Left which include analysis of fascism, post-Vienna approach to socialism.
Keywords: POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; fascism; neoliberalism; populism; socialism

The Man from Red Vienna - Kuttner, Robert (New York Review of Books, 2017)
A review of the book "Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left," by Gareth Dale, is presented.
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); book review; great powers (international relations); nonfiction

Pop-up Polanyi: Cultural entrepreneurs and the ‘vacancy fix’ - Scott, Michael; Szili, Gerti (City, Culture and Society, 2017)
Gentrification as an urban strategy pivots upon the dual mediation of the city as a site for aesthetic consumption and pleasure, and as a space of potential ground rent. The recent rise of urban regeneration programs that assist small scale cultural entrepreneurs into disused commercial property – ‘pop-up shops’ – is one example of the convergence of the urban cultural economy and gentrification. This article presents a preliminary explanation of the function of such urban programs through Karl Polanyi's socioeconomic concepts and the case of Renew Adelaide. It is argued that Renew aligns and then stabilises different Polanyian modes of economic integration (reciprocity, redistribution, and exchange), while inducing a partial and temporary de-commodification of urban space. This approach outlines how ‘pop-up’ programs contain multiple objectives. First, they induce the images of creative city vibrancy that can be folded into contemporary place marketing. Second, they enable celebrated entrepreneurial subjectivities to be performed. Third, they illustrate how ‘vacancy fixes’ are addressed via small-scale cultural projects supporting land banking for the owners of properties whose rent gaps have yet to be closed. This Polanyian approach explains how the modes of integration undergirding these programs are assembled via an orientation to the real or symbolic processes of gentrification.
Keywords: creative cities; cultural entrepreneurs; gentrification; modes of economic integration; pop-up; rent gap

Market fundamentalism in the age of 'haute finance': The enclosing of policy space in 'emerging' India - Lakshminarayan, Srivatsan (Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization, 2017)
The rise of the Emerging Market is a remarkable exemplar of an idea that originated and was socialized in Western financial markets during the 1980s. It has since gained rapid, wider normative status with respect to a particular set of beliefs that motivate policy choices on macroeconomic management, economic development and financial sector reforms in developing and less developed countries. I draw on the Polanyian notion of commodification and recent extensions to his scholarship in the realm of ideas that seek to explicate processes through which the dominant ideal of the self-regulating market is justified as fundamental to the organization of society. Against the backdrop of globally mobile capital, I critique the prevalence of a particular ideology of emergence in which commodified geography and commodified finance interact to shape policy. In this process, evaluative talk plays a key role in legitimizing the expectations of global capital and overcoming inherent contradictions through the rhetoric of non-crises. I thus highlight the ascendance of a narrow and instrumentally economic understanding of emergence in contemporary, post reform India as is asserted in conventional policy discourse. I conclude by remarking on the significant constriction of ideational space for the consideration of alternative, historically informed approaches to social and economic development. The legacy of Karl Polanyi serves as a prophetic reminder for the consequences of such constriction.
Keywords: India; commodification; economic development; emerging markets; haute finance; macroeconomics

Family as a Socio-economic Actor in the Political Economies of East and South East Asian Welfare Capitalisms - Papadopoulos, Theodoros; Roumpakis, Antonios (Social Policy & Administration, 2017)
In this article, we revisit Karl Polanyi's concept of 'oikos' in order to reconceptualize the role of the family as both a welfare provider and an economic actor in the social reproduction of East and South East Asian welfare capitalisms. Our article is structured in four parts. First, we critically review existing approaches on the characteristics of welfare capitalism in East and South East Asia. We argue that existing approaches tend to isolate family as a welfare provider and neglect how the role of the family is institutionalized as a collective actor. The second part focuses on the role of the family in the social reproduction of welfare capitalism, and explores how, in East and South East Asia, the specific conditions for family's role as an economic actor were institutionalized historically. The third part revisits Polanyi's concept of 'oikos' and how 'householding' constitutes one of the most important forms of economic action allowing us to examine the family as a socio-economic actor. In the fourth section, we provide an analysis of families' available strategies and discuss evidence related to private education expenditure, household debt and labour market income share. We conclude by highlighting the need to re-articulate the importance of family as a collective socio-economic actor that, despite recent reforms and path departures, remains at the epicentre of East and South East Asian welfare capitalisms.
Keywords: East and South East Asia; OIKOS (The Greek word); debt; economic conditions in Asia; families & economics; family; households and economics; social reproduction; welfare capitalism; welfare state

'Playing on the break': Karl Polanyi and the double-movement 'Against Modern Football' - Webber, David M (International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 2017)
While the popularity of English football increases worldwide, there has been a marked rise in the discontent expressed by a small but growing group of domestic fans. This dissent has led to the emergence of a movement broadly defined as being 'Against Modern Football' (AMF), a banner under which fans of rival clubs have gathered in an attempt to challenge the poor governance, commercialism and greed that has come to dominate the English game. This article offers a conceptualisation of what it means to be 'against modern football' based upon Karl Polanyi's analysis of the market society. Developing the dialectic of the 'double-movement' that appears in Polanyi's most famous work, The Great Transformation, this article demonstrates how these governing principles might be useful in explaining both the complex cultural political economy of English football and the possibilities that exist for the AMF movement to socially re-embed the modern game.
Keywords: English football; athletic clubs; cultural political economy; soccer; sociology of sport; sports - social aspects; sports spectators; supporters

"Social Freedom" in the Twenty-First Century: Rereading Polanyi - Cangiani, Michele (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2017)
Karl Polanyi's analysis of the genesis, crises, and institutional transformations of contemporary society is grounded on a theory of the basic features and dynamics of capitalism as a peculiar form of society. This article intends to develop this thesis on the basis of a reading of Polanyi's The Great Transformation, with references to Polanyi's preceding and later research. Polanyi's theoretical and methodological achievements suggest a wide comparative outlook and offer a critique of economics, in addition to being deeply connected with his political philosophy. Polanyi's approach seems to be nearer to the original institutional thought -- from Karl Marx to Thorstein Veblen, from Max Weber to Adolf Löwe and Karl William Kapp -- than to current neo-institutional tendencies in economics, sociology, and historiography. The hard problems society presently faces suggest the need to adhere to Polanyi's radical point of view -- that is, to a radical approach to Polanyi's thought.
Keywords: Poor Law; WEBER, Max, 1864-1920; capitalism; comparative analysis; economic policy; economic systems; freedom in a complex society; institutional method; market society

Why TTIP is an unprecedented geopolitical game-changer, but not a Polanyian moment - Eliasson, Leif Johan; García-Duran, Patricia (Journal of European Public Policy, 2017)
This contribution argues that the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is unprecedented, not because it constitutes a Polanyian moment, but rather because it offers an alternative to multilateralism through the World Trade Organization (WTO). Never before has bilateralism offered such a 'best alternative to no agreement' (BATNA) to members of the core decision-making body of the WTO negotiating arm, making TTIP an unprecedented geopolitical game-changer. The anti-TTIP campaign, however, has not been driven by concerns with either geopolitics or trade liberalization, but rather fears about the European Union's (EU's) bargaining power. By strategically focusing on the potential impact on public policy and safety standards, normative arguments promulgated by opponents reflect concerns with perceived threats to the status quo and a willingness to preserve the same. The United States is presented (implicitly) as more powerful than the EU, and therefore perceived as able to impose its preferences, which are considered too neoliberal.
Keywords: European Union; TTIP; Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP); World Trade Organization (WTO); bilateralism; free trade; geopolitics; trade

Markets, Knowledge and Human Nature: Friedrich Hayek, Karl Polanyi and Twentieth-century Debates on Modern Social Order - Innset, Ola (European History Quarterly, 2017)
The article reads the works of Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992) and Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) in the light of their political commitments to neoliberalism and socialism respectively. It argues that both thinkers were inspired to explain history and recent events in line with these commitments in their 1944 publications, The Road to Serfdom and The Great Transformation. Furthermore, they both developed their most significant insights by attempting to counter perceived challenges from political projects to which they were opposed. Polanyi spent much of his life trying to disprove a liberal attack on socialism as out of touch with the realities of human nature, whereas it was in debates with socialists that Hayek developed a new theory of the epistemological functioning of markets, which then became foundational for the neoliberal project. Taking into account the high-stakes politics of Vienna in the interwar years is crucial for fully understanding the social theory of these two thinkers.
Keywords: HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; human behavior; knowledge; markets; neoliberalism; social order; socialist accounting; socialist calculation debate; totalitarianism

Fictitious Freedom: A Polanyian Critique of the Republican Revival - Klein, Steven (American Journal of Political Science, 2017)
Prominent republican theorists invoke anonymous orders such as the market as mechanisms that secure freedom as non-domination. Drawing on Karl Polanyi's account of fictitious commodities and demonstration of the impossibility of a just and rational market society, this article critically scrutinizes neo-republican assumptions regarding the market, develops an alternate social theory within which to situate the ideal of non-domination, and illustrates the importance of this reconfiguration for the kind of collective agents and political strategies that can be expected to advance republican freedom in the economy.
Keywords: Polanyi - political & social views; economic liberty; markets; republicanism; social theory

Unpacking the objectives and assumptions underpinning European aquaculture - Ertör, Irmak; Ortega-Cerdà, Miquel (Environmental Politics, 2017)
Increasing demand for seafood and the lack of growth of capture fisheries have boosted aquaculture growth worldwide. However, European aquaculture has been stagnating over the past decade, and European public authorities have been developing policies and strategies in efforts to reverse this. Aquaculture discourses in the European Union, based on 34 policy, planning, and strategy documents, are examined and a discourse analysis conducted following Bacchi's WPR (What is the Problem Represented to be?) approach. How the problems in these discourses are represented, the tensions among main objectives, and the implicit assumptions are unveiled, and discussed employing a Polanyian theoretical framework. Taking these assumptions for granted leads to a disembedded understanding of aquaculture, and facilitates the privatization of aquatic space and resources. The analysis contributes to the literature establishing the link between the expansion of aquaculture and the enclosure of aquatic resources and enriches environmental and political debates on European aquaculture.
Keywords: Europe; European Union law; aquaculture; aquatic resources; discourse analysis; enclosures; environmental politics; fisheries; fishery policy; government policy; privatization

Polanyi for the Age of Trump - Krippner, Greta R. (Critical Historical Studies, 2017)
It is no exaggeration to say that Fred Block and Margaret Somers are almost singlehandedly responsible for reviving interest in Karl Polanyi’s intellectual and political legacy in American sociology. Their contribution has consisted not only in reminding sociologists of the power of Polanyi’s analysis of the rise of market society to make sense of our troubled times but even more importantly in resolving many of the difficult theoretical tangles that Polanyi gets himself into in the course of developing this analysis. Now their various essays, written over three decades, have been revised for publication in a single volume, supplemented with several new essays that introduce novel themes and also attempt to apply Polanyi’s conceptual apparatus to current social and political problems. 1 As a compilation of essays, the resulting volume defies easy summary—and I won’t attempt to offer a full treatment of the many important …
Keywords: United States; capitalism; economic policy; free enterprise; historical sociology; market ideology

Commodifying art, Chinese style: The making of China’s visual art market - Zhang, Jun (Environment & Planning A, 2017)
The economic value of art to cities and regions has recently been vigorously pursued and actively studied. The rapid ascendance of China as a superpower in the global art market and associated transformation of China’s art space, however, are yet poorly understood. This paper develops a Polanyian framework to interpret the spatial and institutional evolution of China’s art market, seeing the (de)commodification of art as a cumulative process embedded in geo-historical interplays of triple logics—cultural, capital, and political, unfolding within, and reshaping in turn, historically inherited spatial structures.
Keywords: China; Chinese art; art - economic aspects; art industry; art market; commodification; cultural and creative industries; public art spaces

Re-reading Friedrich Hayek and Karl Polanyi in the Late-Modern Condition of Fragility - Cha, Taesuh (Political Studies Review, 2017)
The cardinal role of complexity in Friedrich Hayek’s theory of the market has hardly gone unnoticed. Indeed, there is now a considerable corpus of literature that has established the importance of spontaneity as a central concept around which neoliberal economic theory revolves. However, as William Connolly analyzes, its closed conception of economic processes simplifies real economic volatilities and ignores both modes of self-organization and creativity found in democracy and social movements that periodically irrupt into market processes. This article builds upon this critique of neoliberalism and employs Karl Polanyi’s genealogy of modern capitalism to understand historical imbrications between the market and the social and their contribution to the fragility of capitalism. Polanyi’s notions of “(dis-)embeddedness” and the “double movement” not only show us a more “complex” view of modern political economy but also provide us with important lessons for political responses to the recent crisis of neoliberal capitalism.
Keywords: CONNOLLY, William; Friedrich Hayek; HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; capitalism; complexity (philosophy); complexity theory; fragility; genealogy

When Polanyi met Farage: Market fundamentalism, economic nationalism, and Britain's exit from the European Union - Hopkin, Jonathan (British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 2017)
The vote for Brexit is not an isolated event, but part of a wave of populist, anti-elite revolts: a new 'anti-system' politics Western democracies are experiencing, shaking the existing consensus around economic integration, free markets and liberal values. This wave takes a variety of forms, but has in common a robust, even violent, rejection of the mainstream political elites and their values, and a demand for governments to act on the sources of social and economic distress and inequality. This article views Brexit as a part of this new anti-system politics, a reaction to the decline in ideological competition in democracies and the increasing impotence of politicians to address the upheavals wrought by global free market capitalism. This reaction has become particularly acute after the financial crisis of the late 2000s, which affected Britain disproportionately, and the failure of austerity policies to revive growth, crystallising the ineffectiveness of existing policies to deal with economic stagnation and cultural change. This policy failure is compounded by a perceived refusal of politicians to engage with the broader public and a lack of real choice between the mainstream political parties. The article will present evidence that a failed policy consensus, a rise in inequality and a decline in the representativeness of political elites, rather than a resurgence of intolerance or xenophobia, are the principal causes of the Brexit vote.
Keywords: Brexit; British economic policy - 2010-; British withdrawal from the European Union, 2016-; Europe - Foreign relations - Great Britain; European Union; Great Britain - politics & government - 2007-; economic nationalism; economics; markets; membership; nationalism; protectionism

Embeddedness and Effervescence: Political Economy and Community Sociality through a Century of Transformations in Rural Hungary - Hann, Chris (Ethnologie française, 2017)
S’appuyant sur un travail de terrain de longue haleine dans un village de la grande plaine hongroise, l’auteur analyse les liens entre économie politique et formes de sociabilité communément englobées sous le terme de rituel. Trois cycles d’intégration et de désintégration sont décrits. Chacune des phases de déstructuration a conduit à de nouvelles formes d’« auto‑protection » (Karl Polanyi) et à la construction de nouvelles relations communautaires. Les formes exemplaires de sociabilité aujourd’hui sont sensiblement différentes de celles de l’ère socialiste.
Keywords: (post)socialisme; Populisme; Rituel; anthropologie économique; economic anthropology; embeddedness; populism; post-socialism; ritual

Karl Polanyi in an Age of Uncertainty - Block, Fred; Somers, Margaret R. (Contemporary Sociology, 2017)
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; For a New West: Essays 1919-1958 (Book); Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; book review; nonfiction; socialism

The Great Recurrence: Karl Polanyi and the crises of the European Union - Goldmann, Matthias (European Law Journal, 2017)
In his seminal 1944 book The Great Transformation, Polanyi describes the rise and fall of liberal capitalism during the long nineteenth century. Many have realised that Polanyi has a lot to tell about the European Union in the aftermath of the financial crisis. The paper begins with an overview of Polanyi's historiography of the failure of nineteenth-century liberal capitalism and his account of the four elements that helped liberal capitalism thrive, while precipitating its collapse-the idea of the self-regulating market, the gold standard, international peace and liberal constitutionalism. Thereafter, the paper describes the particular transformations that these four elements underwent in the course of European integration and after the financial crisis, with a particular focus on the case law of the Court of Justice. The paper argues that their current constellation has a destructive potential that exceeds the economic dimension of the Union and might pave the way for a much greater failure, one that might defeat Europe's greatest success: the establishment of peace. Ultimately, the paper assesses current reform proposals in light of these insights and makes a number of proposals for re-embedding the economy in society.
Keywords: European Union - politics & government; European Union countries; Great Transformation, The (Book); capitalism; embeddedness

The Quest to Bring Land under Social and Political Control: Land Reform Struggles of the Past and Present in Ecuador - Goodwin, Geoff (Journal of Agrarian Change, 2017)
Land reform was one of the most important policies introduced in Latin America in the twentieth century and remains high on the political agenda due to sustained pressure from rural social movements. Improving our understanding of the issue therefore remains a pressing concern. This paper responds to this need by proposing a new theoretical framework to explore land reform and providing a fresh analysis of historical and contemporary land struggles in Ecuador. Drawing on the pioneering work of Karl Polanyi, the paper characterizes these struggles as the attempt to increase the social and political control of land in the face of mounting commodification. The movement started in the 1960s and remains evident in Ecuador today. Exploring land reform in Ecuador from this theoretical perspective provides new insight into land struggles in the country and contributes to debates over land reforms of the past and present elsewhere in the Global South.
Keywords: Ecuador; commodification; land markets; land reform; reforms; social movements

The Second Time Around? Polanyi and Today's Fascist Tendency - Sandbrook, Richard (Peace Magazine, 2017)
Discusses the relevance of Polanyi’s double movement in light of increasing support for far-right, authoritarian and neo-fascist movements in Europe and North America. The author quotes The Great Transformation on how fascism “was rooted in a market system that refused to function” (21), however, he chooses to center his analysis on an unpublished essay of Polanyi’s entitled “The Fascist Virus”. From this, he extrapolates that fascism operates like a disease within liberal capitalism, becoming lethal when tensions between capitalism and democracy hit crisis levels and unleashing itself into the body politic (20).
Keywords: fascism; right-wing populism

Producers' cooperation within or against cooperative agricultural institutions? The case of reindeer husbandry in Post-Soviet Russia - Vladimirova, Vladislava (Journal of Rural Studies, 2017)
With the advance of economic neoliberalization along with the green economy paradigm that aims to alleviate rapid climate change, discussions of the rationale of cooperative organization of food production have come to the fore. This paper contributes to the scholarly understanding of motivations for cooperative organization of production by taking up empirical illustrations from the European North of Russia, where despite expectations of privatization after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the cooperative organization of reindeer husbandry often persists, as a heritage of the Soviet state enterprises ( sovkhozes ). The paper aims at advancing the analysis of cooperative reindeer husbandry and its rationales employing ideas within the field of substantivist economic anthropology of postsocialism that started with Karl Polanyi's vision of the embedded economy (Polanyi, 1944). Further, I have employed the ideas of the renowned study by Caroline Humphrey of Soviet state farms as total social institutions (Humphrey, 1998) as well as Stephen Gudeman's dialectical approach to the economy (Gudeman, 2001). The analysis shows that the cooperative organization of reindeer husbandry reproduces the economic and social patterns that were developed in the Soviet period, perhaps also adapting and incorporating elements of traditional indigenous social orders. Such social arrangements and the accompanying moral values are embedded in the reindeer herding economy, and it is their persistence that indigenous people achieve through adhering to cooperative values.
Keywords: Eurasian studies; agricultural societies; agriculture - Russia; cooperative organization; embedded economy; farmers & the environment; food production - environmental aspects; reindeer farming; substantivism

Innovazione sociale e città - Vicari, Serena; Mingione, Enzo (SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, 2017)
L’articolo discute di innovazione sociale sulla base dell’analisi di Polany e di Marshall e dei contributi successivi che si sono sviluppati a partire da quel quadro teorico. Le ragioni dell’innovazione sociale vengono interpretate alla luce della crisi del welfare capitalism e dei disequilibri che si sono manifestati nelle istituzioni fonti di integrazione e coesione sociale. Gli autori propongono una valutazione dei processi e delle esperienze di innovazione sociale che ne mette in luce la rilevanza, ma anche l’ambivalenza e i limiti nel rispondere alla crisi. This article discusses the concept of social innovation on the basis of Polany’s and Marshall’s analyses and of more recent contributions working within that theoretical framework. The authors propose an interpretation of social innovation on the basis of the crisis of welfare capitalism and of the instability of the institutional foundations of social cohesion and integration. The relevance but also the ambivalence and limits of the processes and practices of social innovation are discussed and evaluated as potential responses to this crisis.
Keywords: social innovation

Earth Incorporated: Centralization and Variegation in the Global Company Network - Haberly, Daniel; Wójcik, Dariusz (Economic Geography, 2017)
Over the past twenty years, a widening gulf has appeared between the increasingly internationalized financing arrangements of the world’s leading corporations and the persistence of nationally compartmentalized approaches to the study of corporate control. In lieu of direct empirical evidence on corporate control at the global level, the most widespread assumption is that the globalization of ownership has taken the form of an expansion of arm’s-length, market-based arrangements traditionally prevailing in the Anglo-American economies. Here, however, we challenge this assumption, both empirically and conceptually. Empirically, we show that three-quarters of the world’s 205 largest firms by sales are linked to a single global company network of concentrated (5 percent) ownership ties. This network has a hierarchically centralized organization, with a dominantglobal network coreof US fund managers ringed by a more geographically diversestate capitalist periphery. Conceptually, we argue that the this architecture can be broadly explained through a Polanyianvariegated capitalistmodel of contradictory market institutionalization, with the formation of the global company network actually a counterintuitive product of global financial marketization. In order to understand this process of network formation, however, it is necessary to extend Polanyi’s model of a double movement, mediated through political interventions in the market, to incorporate Veblenian processes of evolutionary institutional change, mediated through the market.
Keywords: asset management; asset management concentration; corporate ownership internationalization; evolutionary economic geography; evolutionary economics; financialization; global company network; globalization; sovereign wealth funds; state capitalism; stock ownership; variegated capitalism

Institutional Matrices Theory, or X- and Y-Theory: A Response to F. Gregory Hayden - Kirdina-Chandler, Svetlana (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2017)
This article draws attention to issues about the institutional matrices theory (IMT) as perceived by and raised in the article by F. Gregory Hayden. To clarify the “controversial” points, I structure my response narrative along two lines. First, I present the prehistory of IMT, or X- and Y- theory, including earlier work by scientists related to the concept of institutional matrix. I connect the development of the actual IMT with the period of “perestroika” and the associated market experiments and reforms in Russia and Eastern European countries. One could see that the effects of market reforms in Russia were different in comparison with other countries in economic transition. I show that the institutional approach was accepted as more relevant to understanding the unexpected results in Russian society. I present IMT as a development of the ideas of Karl Polanyi and Douglas North to answer the challenges of explaining the real social and economic processes in Russia, as well as its wider application to a broader range of economic and social situations in different countries. Second, I then present the main IMT theses, giving special attention to the issues as perceived and raised by Hayden. In conclusion, I suggest the possibility of a joint project that combines IMT consideration and the social fabric matrix (SFM) concept of F. Gregory Hayden.
Keywords: HAYDEN, F. Gregory; Perestroika; Russia; economic policy; economics; institutional matrices theory; reciprocity

Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left - Kurtz, Geoffrey (New Political Science, 2017)
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); book review

An anthropological reading of the policies of international development: export competitiveness as a conjunctural case study - Shakya, Mallika (Dialectical Anthropology, 2017)
Drawing on ethnography of the World Bank's private sector development program, this paper explores the ways in which discussions of export competitiveness emerged in the past decade or so and how they interacted with larger discourses on solidarity and development. The immediate context within which this idea emerged was that of the structural adjustment programs (SAPs) which had maintained that the public regulation of the private economy compromises on industrial productivity (and by extension distributive social justice). But it would be naïve to think that alternative ideologies have not tried to insert themselves within the Bank's neoliberal discourse on development. If anything, discursive narratives suggest that the very notion of export competitiveness initially worked to justify the role of the state in regulating and incubating the private sector in developing countries even if these attempts became disembedded from their local contexts in the long run. This paper contextualizes this specific encounter on export competitiveness within the broader discourse of development and economic anthropology to examine the discursive politics of policy and knowledge in the global aid industry.
Keywords: IFIs; World Bank; anthropology; competition (economics); competitiveness; development; disembeddedness; economic liberalization; embeddedness; ethnology; human economy; structural adjustment program (SAP)

Polanyi, the Failed Prophet of Moral Economics - Adelman, Jeremy (Boston Review, 2017)
Polanyi gave us a vital counterpoint to the hegemony of political economics. But how far can he take us?
Keywords: biography; critique

What American Government Does - Luger, Stan; Waddell, Brian (JHU Press, 2017)
It has become all too easy to disparage the role of the US government today. Many Americans are influenced by a simplistic anti-government ideology that is itself driven by a desire to roll back the more democratically responsive aspects of public policy. But government has improved the lives of Americans in numerous ways, from providing income, food, education, housing, and healthcare support, to ensuring cleaner air, water, and food, to providing a vast infrastructure upon which economic growth depends. In What American Government Does, Stan Luger and Brian Waddell offer a practical understanding of the scope and function of American governance. They present a historical overview of the development of US governance that is rooted in the theoretical work of Charles Tilly, Karl Polanyi, and Michael Mann. Touching on everything from taxes, welfare, and national and domestic security to the government’s regulatory, developmental, and global responsibilities, each chapter covers a main function of American government and explains how it emerged and then evolved over time. Luger and Waddell are careful to both identify the controversies related to what government does and those areas of government that should elicit concern and vigilance. Analyzing the functions of the US government in terms of both a tug-of-war and a collaboration between state and societal forces, they provide a reading of American political development that dispels the myth of a weak, minimal, non-interventionist state. What American Government Does represents a major contribution to the scholarly debate on the nature of the American state and the exercise of power in America. -- Sidney Plotkin, Vassar College, coauthor of Private Interests, Public Spending: Balanced-Budget Conservatism and the Fiscal Crisis
Keywords: American government; history - Americas (North, Central, South, West Indies); political science - history and theory

Food industry structure in Norway and Denmark since the 1990s: Path dependency and institutional trajectories in Nordic food markets - Klimek, Bjørn; Hansen, Henning Otte (Food Policy, 2017)
Structural changes in Norwegian and Danish food industry since the 1990s is analysed as a path dependent response to the neo-liberal turn. Norway entered the 1990s as a protected market and Denmark as case of an export oriented industry. These developmental strategies are rooted in early 20th century industrialisation and influenced by institutional transformations in the 1990s, such as EU and WTO. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are studied in the context of changing political environments. Explaining two different trajectories, we combine path dependency theories and a Polanyi inspired ‘varieties of capitalism’ framework with corporate strategy theories on food industry M&As. We identify two different types of path dependent development, a self-reinforcing in Denmark and a transformative ‘breaking point’ in Norway.
Keywords: Nordic food markets; World Trade Organization (WTO); agri-food chain; business planning; food economics; food industry - economic aspects; food industry structure; food marketing; food mergers and acquisitions (M&A); food policy; food supply management; institutional change; path dependency

Free market ideology and deregulation in Colorado’s oil fields: Evidence for triple movement activism? - Malin, Stephanie A.; Mayer, Adam; Shreeve, Kelly; Olson-Hazboun, Shawn K.; Adgate, John (Environmental Politics, 2017)
Unconventional oil and gas extraction (UOGE) has spurred an unprecedented boom in onshore production in the US. Despite a surge in related research, a void exists regarding inquiries into policy outcomes and perceptions. To address this, support for federal regulatory exemptions for UOGE is examined using survey data collected in 2015 from two Northern Colorado communities. Current regulatory exemptions for UOGE can be understood as components of broader societal processes of neoliberalization. Free market ideology increases public support for federal regulatory exemptions for UOGE. Perceived negative impacts do not necessarily drive people to support increased federal regulation. Utilizing neo-Polanyian theory, interaction between free market ideology and perceived negative impacts is explored. Free market ideology appears to moderate people’s views of regulation:increasingthe effect of perceived negative impacts while simultaneously increasing support forderegulation. To conclude, the ways in which free market ideology might normalize the impacts of UOGE activity are discussed.
Keywords: Colorado; deregulation - government policy; double movement; environmental sociology; fracking; free enterprise; free markets; gas extraction; hydraulic fracturing; market ideology; neoliberalism; oil fields; public support; triple movement; unconventional oil and gas production

CSR as a legitimatizing tool in carbon market: Evidence from Latin America’s Clean Development Mechanism - Benites-Lazaro, L.l.; Mello-Théry, N.A. (Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017)
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has incorporated sustainable development as one of their objectives. This objective gives companies an increasing motivation to contribute to sustainable development through their corporate social responsibility (CSR). However, perceived profitability of companies with carbon commodification were negatively associated with CDM projects. This paper aims to identify CSR activities in CDM in three Latin American countries, namely, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru and understand the drivers behind of these CSR initiatives. The study is based on the evaluation of 593 projects registered and Polanyi’s theory. We identified some CSR activities corresponding to the social, environmental and economic indicators in the three countries. This is not to say that all CDM developers are acting in a socially responsible manner. Certain CSR activities in most of the cases were implemented as a way to legitimize and as a means to achieve social acceptance.
Keywords: CSR; Latin America; carbon dioxide mitigation; clean development mechanism; corporate legitimacy; corporate social responsibility; double movement; double-movement; economic aspects; embeddedness; emission control; social acceptance; social responsibility of business

Fixing network failures? The contested case of the American Manufacturing Extension Partnership - Brandt, Philipp; Whitford, Josh (Socio-Economic Review, 2017)
The article uses a case study of the American Manufacturing Extension Partnership to explore economic and industrial policy in the contemporary USA. Extensive quantitative and qualitative data are mobilized to show that: (a) the agency is pressured politically to limit its activities to 'blunt' remedies for identifiable 'market failures'; even as (b) regional centers in fact often orient also, and sometimes instead, toward 'coordination-oriented' policies to mitigate 'network failures'; and (c) these latter generate better results, on average, for client manufacturers. The findings challenge neo-institutional claims that economic policies are most effective only when complementary to the dominant institutional coordinating capacities embedded in the existing American political economy, or when they have the exceptional support of the American security establishment. They are, however, consistent with an alternative neo-Polanyian approach that explains when and how streetlevel policymakers dispersed across American federalism sometimes sidestep the ideological hegemony of 'market fundamentalism'.
Keywords: United States; economic policy; embeddedness; industrial organization; industrial policy; institutional complementarity; manufactures; market failure; market fundamentalism; partnership (business); public policy; regional economies

Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left - Innset, Ola (European History Quarterly, 2017)
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); nonfiction

It's not the Cases, It's the System - Koskenniemi, Martti (Journal of World Investment & Trade, 2017)
M. Sornarajah's recent analysis of investment arbitration as an offshoot of 'neoliberalism' is basically correct. But it attaches too much importance to the bias of the arbitrators and the procedural problems in arbitral practice. The controversy over the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and investment arbitration generally is not about the niceties of arbitral procedure, the discretion of arbitrators or the pros and cons of the European Union proposed 'investment court'. The significance of investment arbitration has to do with the many ways in which already the very presence of a 'dis-embedded' and one-sided system of claims automatically skews public policies in favour of foreign investors. The juristic debate is but the surface of struggle over the role of public power and democratic governance of domestic and global economy.
Keywords: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); Sornarajah; Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP); Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP); World Trade Organization (WTO); arbitration & award lawsuits; fair and equitable treatment; investment arbitration; investments - lawsuits & claims; neoliberalism

Reproducing spaces of embeddedness through Islamic NGOs in Sub-Saharan Africa: reflections on the post-2015 development agenda - Tok, M. Evren; O’Bright, Ben (African Geographical Review, 2017)
This paper explores the nexus of religion, space, and development. It sheds light on the role of faith-based organizations (FBOs) as partners in sustainable development and key actors for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Applying and building on the theoretical framework of Polanyi’sThe Great Transformationindicates that FBOs with value-laden agendas have formed new state spaces during the age of globalization, where state capacities are transferred to non-state actors at other levels. The case study of Qatari organizations in SSA demonstrates how their uptake of state capacities can lead to development efforts that are driven by faith apart from politics and economics, which help balance market liberalism and social protectionism to create the conditions for sustainable development. Among other things, FBOs offer alternative financing options and new opportunities for financial inclusion that are relevant to the implementation of the post-2015 development agenda.
Keywords: Africa; Qatar; development; economic development; embeddedness; faith based NGOs; faith based human services; state spaces; sustainable development

Finance proud and industry vulnerable: When governments fail to defend the economic realm, citizens revolt - Pettifor, Ann (Juncture, 2017)
The subordination of society to self-regulating international markets is the reason why British workers and industries so often fall prey to predatory financiers, writes Ann Pettifor. It is also a fundamental cause of current political crises throughout the west – just as Karl Polanyi described almost 80 years ago.
Keywords: private equity firms; self-regulating market

Re-dynamising Local Economies in the Age of Trumpism - Bauwens, Michel; Niaros, Vasilis (Journal of Futures Studies, 2017)
The article presents the authors' arguments on the political and policy response behind the rise of Trumpism according from the analysis of authors Kojin Karatani, Karl Polanyi and Mark Blyth. Topics discussed include Karatani's book "The Structure of World History" on the integration of modalities for political and economic system, Polanyi's analysis in the book "The Great Transformation" on the systemic balance and the transition in regimes of value for re-alignment of modalities.
Keywords: BLYTH, Mark; Futures studies; Great Transformation, The (Book); KARATANI, Kojin; Structure of World History: From Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange, The (Book); TRUMP, Donald; Trumpism; disembeddedness; local economies; technology

Polanyi and Foucault on the Issue of Market in Classical Political Economy: Complementary Approaches to the Radical Theory of Social Control - Guizzo, Danielle; de Lima, Iara Vigo (Review of Radical Political Economics, 2017)
Studies have pointed out that the value of markets is related to their impact on the character of a society. Karl Polanyi's thesis about social disembeddedness attributed to 19th century economic liberalism the responsibility for consolidating the process of separating markets from society, which changed the dynamics between the state and population when economic rationality began dictating their connections. However, Polanyi only suggested analyses regarding power relations between these three elements and their effects on the social context. This paper argues that Michel Foucault's writings concerning technologies of power and biopolitics complement Polanyi's considerations insofar as they provide an understanding about how biopolitics emerged and how this led to a new posture of the state regarding population care and economic environment regulation.
Keywords: FOUCAULT, Michel, 1926-1984; biopolitics; classical economic liberalism; embeddedness; liberalism; political science; sociobiology; socioeconomic theory; socioeconomics

Lawyers’ Empire and The Great Transformation - Harris, Douglas C. (International Journal of the Legal Profession, 2017)
A literary criticism of the book "Lawyers' Empire: Legal Professions and Cultural Authority" by Canadian lawyer W. Wesley Pue is presented. It outlines economic historian Karl Polanyi's assumption of Great Transformation in Western Europe that made the period of Pue's book long. It examines lawyers being innovators in Canada.
Keywords: Canada; Lawyers' Empire: Legal Professions & Cultural Authority (Book); PUE, W. Wesley; Western Europe; lawyers

Karl Polanyi on economy and society: a critical analysis of core concepts - Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (Review of Social Economy, 2017)
The article presents the views of economic historian Karl Polanyi on the nature of economic and social embeddedness. Topics discussed include relationship between the economic and social embeddedness, the impact of the market economy, the transformation of society and production of material goods. Particular focus on limits of privatization, commodification, and marketization.
Keywords: business; capitalism; commodification; economic; economic activity; embeddedness; markets; social

The four modes of coexistence in social systems - Nechansky, Helmut (Kybernetes, 2017)
Purpose The paper aims to relate the four modes of coexistence of goal-orientated systems – conflict, hierarchy, the niche and cooperation – to static behavioral descriptions of social systems.Design/methodology/approach Analyzing the options for interactions of goal-orientated systems leads the four modes of coexistence. These show certain behavioral characteristics. Searching for these characteristics in selected behavioral descriptions in organizational theory, sociology, political science and system science allows relating them to certain modes.Findings In organizations, the four modes of coexistence show in general (Cameron and Quinn) and dyadic interaction patterns (Argyris). In sociology, they show in educational schemes preparing for specific modes (Bernstein) and in different exchange patterns (Polanyi). In political theory, the four modes of coexistence show in preferred policies of parties, in institutional development, in oligarch power politics (Winters) and in external policy. In system science, they show in problem solving strategies (Jackson) and “mindscapes” (Murayama).Research limitations/implications The analysis is restricted to static patterns leaving out dynamic developments, for example, in networks.Practical implications Together with previous investigations, the paper shows how behavioral descriptions ranging from psychology to politics correspond to the four modes of coexistence, and it suggests interrelations and alignments of the modes via various levels of societal organization.Originality/value The four modes of coexistence provide an unequivocal theoretical framework that allows finding parallels in behavioral descriptions ranging from psychology via sociology to politics.
Keywords: business planning; cybernetics; decision making; decision-making; forms of integration; industrial organization (economic theory); interaction; politics; redistribution; sociology; systems theory

Urban Governance in Africa Today: Reframing, Experiences, and Lessons - Obeng-Odoom, Franklin (Growth & Change, 2017)
Progress in analysing the instrumental view of governance as an engine for growth, poverty reduction, and inclusive development has been held back by the difficulty in framing governance. This essay seeks to address this problem by 1) reframing urban governance 2) evaluating its aims, processes, and outcomes, and 3) explaining those outcomes on the basis of which some lessons are teased out. Using examples from Africa and an institutional political economy approach (based on institutional economics, Marxist political economics, Georgist political economics, and Polanyian political economy), I show that, overall, while urban economies are growing; both urban poverty and inequality levels have risen substantially. Urban governance has paved the way for new forms of urban development that only benefit the few. Not only are there differences in how urban services and resources are experienced, accessed, and controlled but the varieties are also socially differentiated. I argue that the underlying reasons for this disjuncture between 'urban governance' in theory and 'actually existing urban governance' are 1) difficulties in implementing urban governance theory consistently in practice, 2) problems arising because urban governance theory has been implemented in practice, 3) tensions that would entangle most policies which do not address historical and structural economic issues, 4) restrictive assumptions, and 5) incoherence among the different dimensions of urban governance. To resolve these contradictions, I put the case for major structural and institutional change involving: 1) the re-ordering of the roles of the state, market, and society as institutions of change; 2) re-working the relationships that bind together land, labour, capital, and the state, and 3) re-organising the channels for keeping the attainment of the ends of urban governance in check.
Keywords: Africa; economic development; economic policy; labor; labour; poverty reduction; public administration

Karl Polanyi: a life on the left - Payne, Anthony (International Affairs, 2017)
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); POLANYI, Karl, 1886-1964; biography; book review; economists; nonfiction

Market Liberalism, Marginalised Citizens and Countermovements in India - Sahoo, Sarbeswar (Asian Studies Review, 2017)
How has neo-liberalism transformed the economic structure and policies of India? And what are the politico-economic implications of such policies for marginalised populations? Following Karl Polanyi’s theory of “double movement”, this paper argues that while market liberalism has helped India overcome the slow so-called “Hindu rate of growth”, it has adversely affected the economic interests of the poor. It further argues that the expansion of the market (first movement) has led to various social dislocations in the lives of the poor. Such dislocations have generated several countermovements (second movement), which have found expressions not just in electoral politics but also in various grassroots movements. While it may be true that such countermovements have not always been successful in overturning the tide of neo-liberalism, they have certainly influenced the policy priorities of the state in favour of the poor and the marginalised in India.
Keywords: India; countermovement; double movement; economic policy; grassroots movements; neoliberalism; political mobilisation; social dislocation; social marginality; social welfare

‘Hipster Capitalism’ in the Age of Austerity? Polanyi Meets Bourdieu’s New Petite Bourgeoisie - Scott, Michael (Cultural Sociology, 2017)
This article dialogues Polanyi and Bourdieu to propose a new research agenda within the sociology of cultural production. Extending recent literature on hipsters, this iconic figure is shifted from the world of consumption to the world of production via Bourdieu’s conceptualisation of the new petite bourgeoisie. Using secondary empirical material of cultural micro-enterprises, two ideal-typical career strategies are sketched: cultural-capital oriented seeking to secure positions within established creative industries, and economic-capital orientated stylising ‘old’ petite bourgeoisie occupations to access economic returns. However, within the context of ongoing austerity policies, Bourdieu’s economic capital does not fully account for the variegated forms of material resources these nascent enterprises draw on. Bringing Polanyi’s modes of economic integration – reciprocity, redistribution and exchange – to Bourdieu opens new questions on how hipster capitalism is the practice of intermediating between these ‘backstage’ material modes and the ‘frontstage’ selling of style.
Keywords: BOURDIEU, Pierre, 1930-2002; austerity; capitalism; cultural capital; cultural production; cultural sociology; hipster; hipsters (subculture); micro-enterprise; modes of economic integration; new cultural economy; new petite bourgeoisie

Cooperate! A paradigm shift for health equity - Wei-Ching Chang; Fraser, Joy H. (International Journal for Equity in Health, 2017)
The role of competition and cooperation in relation to the goal of health equity is examined in this paper. The authors explain why the win-lose mentality associated with avoidable competition is ethically questionable and less effective than cooperation in achieving positive outcomes, particularly as it relates to health and health equity. Competition, which differentiates winners from losers, often with the winner-takes-all reward system, inevitably leads to a few winners and many losers, resulting in social inequality, which, in turn, engenders and perpetuates health inequity. Competitive market-driven approaches to healthcare--brought about by capitalism, neo-liberalization, and globalization, based primarily on a competitive framework--are shown to have contributed to growing inequities with respect to the social determinants of health, and have undermined equal opportunity to access health care and achieve health equity. It is possible to redistribute income and wealth to reduce social inequality, but globalization poses increasing challenges to policy makers. John Stuart Mill provided a passionate, philosophical defense of cooperatives, followed by Karl Polanyi who offered an insightful critique of both state socialism and especially the self-regulating market, thereby opening up the cooperative way of shaping the future. We cite Hannah Arendt's "the banality of evil" to characterize the tragic concept of "ethical fading" witnessed in business and everyday life all over the world, often committed (without thinking and reflecting) by ordinary people under competitive pressures. To promote equity in health for all, we recommend the adoption of a radically new cooperation paradigm, applied whenever possible, to everything in our daily lives.
Keywords: capitalism; competition; competition (psychology); cooperation; cooperative movement; cooperativeness; ethical fading; health & social status; health equity; health services accessibility; health status indicators; interpersonal relations; paradigm shift; paradigms (social sciences)

An Economic Prophet for Our Time - Iber, Patrick (The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2017)
Karl Polanyi knew the market couldn’t solve all ills. History is proving him correct.
Keywords: Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); SANDERS, Bernie; TRUMP, Donald

From supply management to agricultural subsidies—and back again? The U.S. Farm Bill & agrarian (in)viability - Graddy-Lovelace, Garrett; Diamond, Adam (Journal of Rural Studies, 2017)
Farm subsidies have become increasingly maligned in agricultural policy debates, but the merits of subsidies are a distraction from deeper political, economic, and ecological problems in agriculture. Drawing on a history of the U.S. Farm Bill, this paper argues that a fixation on farm subsidies ignores why they came into being, and more generally glosses over the imperative for modern states to intervene into agricultural economies. Karl Polanyi's 'double movement' framework is used to situate the rise and fall of agricultural supply management within food regime theory. In the second, or surplus food regime, the U.S. government wielded excess commodities as geopolitical tools—even as domestic farm policy labored to contain overproduction, and thus support agrarian viability. In the subsequent corporate food regime, “free market” agriculture displaces and discredits supply management, even as massive government intervention into how food is grown and sold continues. Making space to remember historical price support programs, to situate their accomplishments and limitations, and to recognize residual supply-management mechanisms (such as farm cooperatives and agricultural marketing orders) is crucial for fostering agricultural viability in the US and beyond. Twentieth century supply management had flaws, but it cannot be wholly omitted. This paper highlights key motivations, elements, and contradictions of these policies and programs to begin the process of considering how supply management principles and strategies could be updated and enhanced for 21st century agriculture. Such a framework would need to pay more attention to diversity within domestic and international agricultures, and be more sensitive to the multi-scalar dimensions of food systems.
Keywords: agricultural economics; agricultural subsidies; agriculture & state; business food service; food supply

The Anthropocene and anthropology - Hann, Chris (European Journal of Social Theory, 2017)
Noting a lack of consensus in the recent literature on the Anthropocene, this article considers how social anthropologists might contribute to its theorizing and dating. Empirically it draws on the author’s long-term fieldwork in Hungary. It is argued that ethnographic methods are essential for grasping subjectivities, including temporal orientations and perceptions of epochal transformation. When it comes to historical periodization, however, ethnography is obviously insufficient and proposals privileging the last half-century, or just the last quarter of a century, seem inadequate. Influential theories, which define ‘modernity’ in terms of developments emanating from the countries of the North Atlantic in the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries (Gellner, Polanyi, Wolf), remain partial and Eurocentric. To comprehend the social preconditions of the Anthropocene in a holistic fashion (the crucial contribution of comparative anthropology), it is necessary to follow Jack Goody and trace how the urban revolutions of the Bronze Age united Eurasia through the diffusion of new forms of economy, polity and cosmology.
Keywords: Eurasia; GOODY, Jack, 1919-2015; Hungary; anthropocene; anthropocene epoch; anthropology; cosmology; ethnology; social anthropology; socialism

Did free market fundamentalism spawn the likes of Donald Trump? - Chakravarty, Manas (http://www.livemint.com/, 2017)
The economy was always embedded in society until capitalism arrived on the scene—this perhaps best explains the rise of Donald Trump
Keywords: BLOCK, Fred; TRUMP, Donald; double movement; market fundamentalism

Karl Polanyi on the Rise of Fascism and Market Economy - Komlik, Oleg (Economic Sociology and Political Economy, 2017)
A spectre is haunting Europe and the world — the spectre of Fascism (veiled as defensive democracy and common-sense patriotism) and authoritarian neoliberalism (disguised as social protectionism an…
Keywords: economic sociology; fascism

Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation and a New Political Economy - Watson, Matthew; Holmes, Christopher; Clift, Ben (brunobertez, 2017)
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation and a new political economy Professor Matthew Watson, Assistant Professor Christopher Holmes and Professor Ben Clift, Politics and International Studies Avert…
Keywords: Great Transformation, The (Book); HAYEK, Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August), 1899-1992; KEYNES, John Maynard, 1883-1946; MARX, Karl, 1818-1883

Polanyi against the whirlwind - Guinan, Joe; Hanna, Thomas M. (Renewal (0968252X), 2017)
The author argues that market liberalism should be stopped if the 21st century generation is to avoid the re-emergence of fascism and environmental collapse. The author calls on the political left to offer a different political economy to avoid the consequences of market liberalism and warns against economist Karl Polanyi's assertion that market liberalism always leads to the erosion of society's human and natural substance. He also discusses the reasons for the political turmoil in the U.S.
Keywords: environmental monitoring; fascism; liberalism; market liberalism; right & left (political science)

State–peasant movement relations and the politics of food sovereignty in Mexico and Ecuador - Henderson, Thomas Paul (Journal of Peasant Studies, 2017)
This contribution argues that the articulation between the state and peasant organizations’ internal structures – the class characteristics of their mass bases, their leaderships and the modes of interaction between the two – is critical for determining the nature of contemporary struggles guided by the discourse of food sovereignty. It will show that that counter-hegemonic demands are not synonymous with counter-hegemonic practice; rather than struggling to replace the neoliberal food regime, many peasant organizations employ the food sovereignty discourse as a political tool in their negotiations with the state in order to access resources from within the prevailing neoliberal model, not to transform it.
Keywords: GRAMSCI, Antonio, 1891-1937; Via Campesina; agriculture & state - Ecuador; agriculture & state - Mexico; food regime; food sovereignty; hegemony; peasant organizations; peasant studies

Brexit and its Consequences - Pettifor, Ann (Globalizations, 2017)
In this brief essay, I argue that the ‘Brexit’ vote is but the latest manifestation of popular dissatisfaction with the utopian ideal of autonomous markets beyond the reach of regulatory democracy. Brexit represented the collective, if (to my mind) often misguided, efforts of those ‘left behind’ in Britain to protect themselves from the predatory nature of market fundamentalism. In a Polanyian sense, it is a form of social self-protection from self-regulating markets in money, trade and labour.
Keywords: BREXIT Referendum, 2016; Brexit; business; countermovement; democracy; double movement; financialization; markets; utopias

Aristóteles Descubre La Economía, Para Temerla. Una Lectura Desde Karl Polanyi - Polo Blanco, Jorge (ARISTOTLE DISCOVERS ECONOMY, TO FEAR IT. A READING THROUGH THE EYES OF KARL POLANYI., 2017)
This study approaches Aristotelian reflections on economy through the eyes of Karl Polanyi, as he resorts to the Greek philosopher to find useful elements when building a profound criticism of the modern market society. Aristotle intuited the uncertain future of a social order devoured by economic relations expanding at a hypertrophic rate. In his time, indeed, this was only a potential threat —he never saw the effective culmination of anything like what we are seeing today—. But he was nevertheless able to see the ultimate meaning of what was at stake, and to understand that the unmeasured, uncontrolled growth of market relations would irremediably affect civic balance. He understood that the unrestricted extension of the desire for profit to all human ties would be a powerful threat to the heart of the political community. (English)
Keywords: Aristotelian economic philosophy; ECONOMÍA DE LA ANTIGUA POLIS; FILOSOFÍA ECONÓMICA ARISTOTÉLICA; ancient capitalism; capitalismo antiguo; economic of ancient polis; market society; sociedad de mercado

Financialization and Society's Protective Response: Reconsidering Karl Polanyi's Double Movement - Watkins, John P. (Journal of Economic Issues (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 2017)
Financialization challenges Karl Polanyi's thesis of double movement, the thesis that efforts to extend the market evoke efforts to protect humans, nature, and means of production from market forces. Financialization refers to the increased power of financial institutions. The government protects the incomes and assets of financial institutions, but it does little to protect the incomes and assets of households, which are necessary for people to afford healthcare, education, emergencies, retirement, and so on. Polanyi criticized nineteenthcentury civilization for transforming land, labor, and the means of production into commodities, using economic insecurity to motivate humans. The development of intangible property allowed business to expand the market in two ways: (i) restricting output to drive up profits and (ii) liquefying consumer assets to provide credit to consumers to increase spending. The implications of that process manifested themselves in the financial crisis of 2008. Market capitalism represented the attempt to organize commodities based on economic rationality. Similarly, the twentieth- and twenty-first-century capitalism represents the effort to "rationally" organize society according to the value of intangible assets. Both efforts failed, indicating the continued relevance of Polanyi's thesis.
Keywords: asset management; commons; double movement; financial services industry; financialization; global financial crisis, 2008-2009; intangible property; socioeconomic factors

Reviving Hayek’s Dream - Worth, Owen (Globalizations, 2017)
This short piece suggests that the roots of the successful Brexit vote can be found in the free market purity that was implicit within the ideals behind Thatcherism. Whilst the rhetoric of populist and British (or in many parts English) nationalism were utilised in order to win support, the ideological driving force implicit within many Brexit figureheads rested in the belief that the EU watered down their visions of a harder neoliberal reality. Yet, by stimulating right-wing reactionary forces, they may have created more than they bargained for. I concur with Karl Polanyi that free market liberalism tends to generate the forces of its own demise.
Keywords: Brexit; Brexit Referendum, 2016; free enterprise; liberalism; market idealism; neoliberalism; populism; the far right

The State in Classical Laissez-Faire, Its Crisis, and the Establishment of Fordism - Bonanno, Alessandro (The Legitimation Crisis of Neoliberalism, 2017)
This chapter stresses the point that contrary to arguments proposed by neoliberals, the state has consistently been a relevant actor in the organization of the economy and society. It indicates that the role played by the state was fundamental in the expansion and stability of capitalism in its early stages, during the laissez-faire era of the nineteenth century and under Fordism in the twentieth century. This argument is illustrated through a review of salient aspects of classical liberal theories of the state such as those of John Locke, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill and a brief review of the theory of Marx and early twentieth century contributions such as those of Karl Polanyic and John M. Keynes. An analysis of the theories of the role of the state under Fordism is proposed in the final sections of the chapter.
Keywords: Fordism; MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; double movement; economic sociology; organizational studies; regulated capitalism

Karl Polanyi in Dialogue: A Socialist Thinker for our Times - Brie, Michael (Black Rose Books, 2017)
Featuring essays from Michael Brie (Rose Luxemburg Foundation, Berlin), Nancy Fraser (New School for Social Research, New York) and Kari Polanyi-Levitt (McGill University, Montreal). The contemporary Left fights its political battles on various fronts: protesting the crippling structural inequalities that sustain neoliberal economic policy; developing sustainable, community-based alternatives to the consumerism and short-termism that exacerbate the environmental crisis; and advocating for the cultural recognition, emancipation and celebration of the diversity and pluralism of human identity. But despite this versatility the Left appears to be in worldwide retreat whilst an aggressive new ‘Alt-Right’ is taking to the internet and the streets, regurgitating a regressive and patriarchal vision of society that has already won startling political victories in the US and Europe. Amidst the vertiginous tension of such a crisis, Michael Brie argues for an urgent theoretical and practical reorganisation of the Left. Developing the work of philosopher and social theorist Karl Polanyi, Brie advocates an alliance of socialist liberals and libertarian ‘commonists’ that unites contemporary campaigns for recognition, difference and human dignity with more traditional struggles for social welfare and economic democracy. Starting with Nancy Fraser’s critical reappraisal of Polanyi in her article “A Triple Movement? Parsing the Politics of Crisis after Polanyi” (included), Brie powerfully reinterprets Polanyi’s thought for present times, developing concrete proposals for a Polanyian political response to neoliberalism, an ascendent authoritarian right and the ongoing threat of global ecological disaster. Also included are two articles by Polanyi translated into English for the first time and Kari Polanyi-Levitt’s lecture at the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation “From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialisation”.
Keywords: biography; ecology; economics; feminism; history; labor; labour; politics; racism; sociology

Nancy Fraser and Karl Polanyi. A Possible Dialogue - Brie, Michael (Karl Polanyi in Dialogue: A Socialist Thinker for our Times, 2017)
From the very beginning a misunderstanding has to be cleared up – the reduction of Polanyi’s work to that of a reformer who wants to counter the excesses of market radicalism with social protective measures and believes that the crisis of modern
Keywords: FRASER, Nancy; triple movement

What does karl polanyi offer to economic theory - Grdešić, M. (Ekonomski Pregled, 2017)
This article provides a critical overview of the theoretical perspective developed by Karl Polanyi, in particular his 1944 book The Great Transformation. What does this approach offer to economic theory, especially heterodox economic theory? Three elements vital to his work are in focus: (1) “embeddedness” of the market in society, (2) fictitious commodities (labor, nature and money) and (3) the “double movement”, i.e. the political imposition of the self-regulating market and the protective reaction of society. The springboard for this article is a survey of American economists, in which they were asked if they had read Polanyi’s work. © 2017, Hrvatsko Drustvo Ekonomista. All rights reserved.
Keywords: double movement; economic theory; embeddedness; fictitious commodities; heterodox economics

The Elusive Karl Polanyi - Luban, Daniel (Dissent (00123846), 2017)
The article focuses on author Karl Polanyi and his works including "Origins of the Cataclysm," "Freedom from Economics" and "The Liberal Utopia." It mentions the role Polanyi and his works during the Great Recession and in the analysis of the social movement in the age of Porto Alegre and Seattle as they can be compared to a totem for social democracy such as Karl Marx for communism and Hayek for neoliberalism. It adds that during the Great Recession, Polanyi was considered a master theorist of the welfare state. It also cites Polanyi as a social leader and an uneasy fit to a social order.
Keywords: Liberal Utopia, The (Book); MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; Origins of Cataclysm; authors; authorship; communism; social democracy; social movements

A Foreword to Kari Polanyi Levitt - Rodrick, Dani (Dani Rodrik's weblog, 2017)
I was recently asked to write a foreword to the Mexican edition of Kari Polanyi Levitt’s From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization. Kari is Karl Polanyi's daughter, and the essays in her book -- part memoir, part intellectual...
Keywords: From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization (Book); POLANYI LEVITT, Kari; embeddedness; neoliberalism

The moral economists: R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, E. P. Thompson, and the critique of capitalism - Rogan, Tim (Princeton University Press, 2017)
A fresh look at how three important twentieth-century British thinkers viewed capitalism through a moral rather than material lens What's wrong with capitalism? Answers to that question today focus on material inequality. Led by economists and conducted in utilitarian terms, the critique of capitalism in the twenty-first century is primarily concerned with disparities in income and wealth. It was not always so. The Moral Economists reconstructs another critical tradition, developed across the twentieth century in Britain, in which material deprivation was less important than moral or spiritual desolation. Tim Rogan focuses on three of the twentieth century's most influential critics of capitalism--R.H. Tawney, Karl Polanyi, and E.P. Thompson. Making arguments about the relationships between economics and ethics in modernity, their works commanded wide readerships, shaped research agendas, and influenced public opinion. Rejecting the social philosophy of laissez-faire but fearing authoritarianism, these writers sought out forms of social solidarity closer than individualism admitted but freer than collectivism allowed. They discovered such solidarities while teaching economics, history, and literature to workers in the north of England and elsewhere. They wrote histories of capitalism to make these solidarities articulate. They used makeshift languages of "tradition" and "custom" to describe them until Thompson patented the idea of the "moral economy."
Keywords: HENRY, Richard; PALMER, Edward; TAWNEY, R.H.; THOMPSON, E.P.; capitalism; moral and ethical aspects; moral economy; socialism

Deindustrialisation and the Historical Sociological Imagination: Making Sense of Work and Industrial Change - Strangleman, Tim (SOCIOLOGY-THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, 2017)
Following recent calls for a more self-aware and historically sensitive sociology this article reflects on the concept of deindustrialisation and industrial change in this spirit. Using EP Thompson’s classic The Making of the English Working Class and his examination of industrialising culture with its stress on experience, the article asks how these insights might be of value in understanding contemporary processes of deindustrialisation and work. Drawing on a range of sociological, cultural and literary studies it conceptualises the differences and similarities between two historic moments of industrial change and loss. In particular it draws on the literary concept of the ‘half-life of deindustrialisation’ to explore these periods. The article has important implications for how we think about contemporary and historical industrial decline.
Keywords: THOMPSON, E. P. (Edward Palmer), 1924-1993; half-life of deindistrialisation; historical sociology; work meaning and identity

Progressive Responses to Populism: A Polanyian Critique of Liberal Discourse - Yarrow, David (The Political Quarterly, 2017)
This article explores the recent rise of populist politics from the perspective of Karl Polanyi's theory of the ‘double movement’. It firstly introduces Polanyi's understanding of interwar populism, and relates this to his broader critique of liberal economic thought. This framework is then used to analyse three prominent explanations for populism which emerged in the wake of the UK's 2016 EU referendum: globalisation; cultural reaction; and social media. I show how each of these explanations exogenises contemporary populist movements, narrating them as something external to the liberal economic restructuring pursued globally since the 1980s. Failing to diagnose adequately the causes of contemporary populist movements, which lie in this utopian attempt to treat labour as a commodity, they cannot support an intellectually coherent progressive response to Brexit. Finally, I outline a political agenda centred on labour de-commodification, which could directly address populist grievances and reclaim the discourse of ‘taking back control’ for the left.
Keywords: Brexit; commodification; double movement; labour; liberal discourse; populism

Karl Polanyi. Remettre l'économie à sa place - Behrent, Michael C. (Sciences humaines, 2016)

Reintegrating economy, society, and environment for cooperative futures: Polanyi, Marx, and food sovereignty - Tilzey, Mark (Journal of Rural Studies, 2016)
This paper attempts to ‘put in their place’ (Sum and Jessop 2013) some key issues that frame the question of ‘the more-than-economic dimensions of co-operation’. In particular, it asks why capitalism deconstructs socio-natural reality into the ‘common-sense’ and discrete institutional spheres of ‘economy’, ‘society’ and ‘environment’, an institutional constellation in which the ‘economy’ is usually afforded pre-eminence. Building on this, the paper further asks: why does the organization of society around the commodity form, and specifically around the generalization of the commodity form to labour-power that is the defining feature of capitalism, have the tendential effect of fragmenting, atomizing, and marginalizing social collectivities and cooperative behaviour? This question is answered through examination of the work of Polanyi and Marx, arguing that it is the latter who is best able to explain the nature and dynamics of capitalism, and its relationship to cooperative activity. The paper elaborates the Marxian approach and suggests strong linkages with the ‘radical’ fraction of the food sovereignty movement. The latter, like Marx, appears to invoke unconstrained cooperation as ‘actual’ autonomy; the paper asks what the political and ecological prerequisites for the realization of this social imaginary might be.
Keywords: MARX, Karl, 1818-1883; agroecology; cooperation; food sovereignty; political ecology; rural studies

Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left - Moravcsik, Andrew (Foreign Affairs, 2016)
Keywords: DALE, Gareth; Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left (Book); biography; book review; nonfiction; sociologists