The Poverty of the Global Order - Da Costa, Dia; Mcmichael, Philip (Globalizations, 2007)
This paper argues that the legitimacy of the global order depends not on economic progress alone, but on the progressive naturalization of its epistemological foundations, through 'new solutions' to old problems by states and development agencies. New solutions become methods of social control through which the dominant visions of what count as viable futures are reproduced. We critique efforts to humanize development (e.g., by the World Bank, Amartya Sen) as evidence of development's epistemological crisis. Deploying Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economy, we consider examples of substantive economy, which realize equality through strategic sovereignty and representational power, in collective and individual terms. These represent practical and epistemological 'spaces of hope' for critique of the crisis of the market epistemology that infects development studies and international relations. Este documento sostiene que la legitimidad del orden global no depende solamente del progreso económico, sino de la naturalización progresiva de sus fundamentos epistemológicos, a través de 'nuevas soluciones' a problemas antiguos mediante estados y agencias del desarrollo. Las nuevas soluciones se convierten en métodos de control social, a través de los cuales se reproducen las visiones dominantes de lo que cuenta como futuros viables. Criticamos los esfuerzos de humanizar al desarrollo (p.e. Banco Mundial, Amartya Sen) como evidencia de la crisis del desarrollo epistemológico. Utilizando la distinción de Kart Polanyi entre economía formal y economía sustancial, consideramos ejemplos de una economía sustancial, la cual realiza la igualdad por medio de una soberanía estratégica y un poder representativo, en términos colectivos e individuales. Estas, entre otras iniciativas, representan 'espacios de esperanza' prácticos y epistemológicos para criticar la crisis de la epistemología de mercado que infecta a los estudios de desarrollo y las relaciones internacionales.
Developent Studies; Sociology
Keywords: formal economy; international law; international relations; international trade; social control; social epistemology; sovereignty; substantive economy

The making of US monetary policy: Central bank transparency and the neoliberal dilemma - Krippner, Greta (Theory & Society, 2007)
This article explores the implications of the Federal Reserve’s shift to transparency for recent debates about neoliberalism and neoliberal policymaking. I argue that the evolution of US monetary policy represents a specific instance of what I term the “neoliberal dilemma.” In the context of generally deteriorating economic conditions, policymakers are anxious to escape responsibility for economic outcomes, and yet markets require regulation to function in capitalist economies (Polanyi ). How policymakers negotiate these contradictory imperatives involves a continual process of institutional innovation in which functions are transferred to markets, but under the close control of the state. Thus, under transparency, Federal Reserve officials discovered innovations in the policy process that enabled “markets to do the Fed’s work for it.” These innovations enlisted market mechanisms, but did not represent a retreat from the state’s active role in managing the economy.
Sociology
Keywords: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.); United States; capitalists & financiers; monetary policy; neoliberalism; policy sciences; public spending

Poverty, Security and the Janus-Faced State - Eadie, Pauline (The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 2007)
In this article Polanyi's double move and Wæver's securitisation argument inform an analysis of poverty as a security issue. The inclusion of poverty on the security agenda confirms and complicates, rather than marginalises, the state as a central referent of security. It is argued that analytically and pragmatically qualitative and socially contextualised analysis of poverty offers deeper understanding than quantitative approaches. It is also argued that the rhetoric of inclusion currently espoused by the likes of the World Bank seeks to secure institutional hegemony rather than state or human security. Neo-liberal solutions to poverty premised on growth, as opposed to redistribution, mean that the states and peoples poorly equipped to compete in the capitalist game will remain impoverished. Markets and neo-liberal institutions serve to splinter, rather than coalesce, state and society.
Political Science
Keywords: Copenhagen school; double movement; poverty; security

The political economy reader: markets as institutions - Barma, Naazneen; Barma, Naazneen H.; Vogel, Steven Kent (Routledge, 2007)
This reader combines in a single volume the key writings of classical and contemporary thinkers on political economy. The articles provide both a theoretical approach to understanding capitalism and a survey of the varieties of capitalism around the world today, examining the interaction between politics and markets both in theory and practice. Drawing on history, economics, political science and sociology, it emphasizes the ways in which markets are embedded in and influenced by political and social institutions. Steven K. Vogel and Nazneen Haider Barma provide an informative overview of a number of the most significant controversies and contemporary debates in political economy through the selections of contending perspectives on a variety of issues, including: How can rich countries make their economies more competitive? How can poor countries achieve economic development? How can post-communist countries make a successful transition to markets? Will theinformation technology revolution render the national varieties of capitalism obsolete? Does globalization imply that the national varieties of capitalism will converge to one global capitalism? A Political Economy Reader will be an essential resource for students of political economy and economic sociology.
Political Science; Sociology
Keywords: business & economics; capitalism; economics; international economic relations; political economy; political science; sociology

The Future of Sociology - Burawoy, Michael (Sociological Bulletin, 2007)
Like a hurricane, third-wave marketisation is picking up velocity and destroying societies in its path, destroying the very grounds upon which sociology grows. Sociology and humanity have a common interest in upholding civil society, and keeping state and market at bay. Working with Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation, I diagnose three waves of marketisation associated with the commodification of labour, money and land, generating counter-movements at local, national and global levels. I argue that sociology is reshaped with each wave: in the first, it is utopian; in the second, it is driven by policy concerns; whereas emerging with the third wave marketisation is public sociology. The possibilities and challenges of public sociology as well as its relation to policy, critical and professional sociology are the subjects of this paper.
Sociology
Keywords: commodification; countermovement; government policy; humanity; labor; marketisation; markets; nature; public sociology; social sciences; societies; sociology; utopian socialism

Karl Polanyi and Return of the "Primitive" in Institutional Economics - Özveren, Eyüp (Journal of Economic Issues (Association for Evolutionary Economics), 2007)
This article discusses a renewed interest in the work of scholar Karl Polanyi and the incorporation of his work into the body of institutional economics. This article discusses the notion of time in Polanyi's work and how it differs from the metaphor of time inherent in neoclassical economics. The author discusses the definition of the word "primitives" and its relationship to social policy, and how Polanyi deployed the actual state of primitives in order to replace the economistic cost-benefit analysis of the Industrial Revolution with a "social cost" alternative.
Economics
Keywords: POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; corporate culture; cost effectiveness; externalities; externalities (economics); industrial psychology; industrial revolution; institutional economics; social policy; social psychology

Policymaking and Learning Actors, or Is A 'Double Movement' In Cognition Possible? - Ramazzotti, Paolo (Journal of Economic Issues (Association for Evolutionary Economics), 2007)
This article discusses the relationship among economic constraints, social reform and societal pressures for a humane society, drawing on the insights of scholars Karl Polanyi and Herbert A. Simon. One of the key issues in Polanyi's work is the divergence between economic and societal values in modern capitalism. The divergence leads to a reaction against the rationale of the market and to what Polanyi refers to as the double movement. The distinction between internal consistency and external consistency is described to frame the role of institutions in the economy.
Economics
Keywords: POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; SIMON; Herbert A.; 1916-2001; capitalism; double movement; economic policy; economic sectors; evolutionary economics; markets - social aspects; socioeconomic factors; socioeconomics

The battle of the ancient economy - Hindess, Barry (Economy & Society, 2007)
Ancient Athens and Modern Ideology addresses the battle between primitivism and modernism over the ancient economy, focusing especially on the contributions of three major figures, Max Weber, Karl Polanyi and Moses Finley. Finally, a short Epilogue returns to the examination of Marx's puzzle and his manifestly unsuccessful attempt to resolve it. Mohammad Nafissi uses this discussion to put this dispute out of its misery by advancing his own resolution of the primitivist-modernist dispute. Unfortunately, the limitations he seeks to avoid are mostly those which the supporters of one or the other side have identified in the claims of their opponents. As a result, his attempted resolution fails to disrupt their shared assumptions regarding the special place of the ancient Greeks in human development.
Political Science; Sociology
Keywords: Athens (Greece); FINLEY; M. I. (Moses Israel); 1912-1986; Greeks; WEBER; Max; 1864-1920; book review; history of economics; ideology; primitivism; socioeconomics

Karl Polanyi and the Modernity-versus-Postmodernity Debate - Özveren, Eyüp (European Legacy, 2007)
The originality of Karl Polanyi's (1886-1964) work in the interwar period and his work in the 1950's has gained increasing recognition in recent years, during which time the major debate on modernity has erupted. In order to link Polanyi's work with this debate, the article first discusses his legacy on the controversial concept of progress and then relates his position to this debate. Polanyi's position combines the better aspects of the two rival approaches to modernity. The article then relinks Polanyi's thought to the intellectual figures, movements, and climate of his time and thereby discloses a curious affinity between his thought and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School. This affinity can best be understood within the parameters of the historical context that they once shared.
Economics
Keywords: POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; debates and debating; economics; modern society; modernity; postmodernism (philosophy); progress

La connaissance, une marchandise fictive, Knowledge, a Fictitious Commodity - Azam, Geneviève (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
Cet article se propose d’analyser le sens de l’invention d’une « économie de la connaissance » et de la transformation de la connaissance en bien économique, illustrée par la transformation des droits de propriété intellectuelle. En poursuivant l’analyse de Karl Polanyi à propos des « quasi-marchandises », la connaissance doit plutôt être considérée comme une marchandise « fictive ». C’est le point de vue adopté dans cet article qui montre comment la tentative actuelle de rendre cette fiction effective menace la connaissance elle-même en l’assignant à un rôle instrumental., This article offers some reflections on the sense given to the invention of a « knowledge economy » and on the conditions of knowledge commodification, as illustrated by the current changes in knowledge property rights. Elaborating on Karl Polyani’s argument about « quasi-commodities », we have to regard knowledge as a « fictitious commodity » rather than a simple commodity. It is the point of view we have adopted in this article, which shows that the current attempts at giving this fiction more actuality pose a threat to knowledge itself by confining it to an instrumental function.
Economics
Keywords: fictitious commodities; knowledge

Devons-nous mériter notre salaire ?, Do We Have To Deserve Our Salary ? - Girardot, Dominique (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
L’idée qu’une rémunération juste du travail relève d’un calcul du mérite tend à s’imposer comme un lieu commun. Les présupposés et les conséquences d’une telle représentation sont ici interrogés dans la perspective ouverte par les analyses de Polanyi sur les effets dévastateurs de la fiction d’un marché autorégulateur lorsqu’elle atteint des réalités comme celles – parmi d’autres – du travail. Le paradigme du don et le concept arendtien de l’action permettent d’identifier, dans le besoin de reconnaissance, à la fois la source de l’efficacité de la fiction d’un mérite rétribuable et les raisons de son inévitable échec pratique. Non qu’on ne puisse instituer une rémunération au mérite ; mais c’est au prix d’une réification de l’activité humaine, lourde de menaces pour la réalité que nous partageons. ENG: The idea that a righteous work’s remuneration is to be measured by merit is tending to stand out as a commonplace. Presuppositions and consequences of such an idea are questioned here from Polanyi’s viewpoint on devastating effects of the selfregulating market’s fiction when realities as work are reached. The gift’s paradigm and Hannah Arendt’s concept of action allow to point out that the need of acknowledgement both gives its efficiency to the fiction of a payable merit and causes its inevitable practical failure. Not that it’s impossible to institute merit’s remuneration ; but it’s at the cost of reifying human activity, that threatens the reality we share.
Philosophy
Keywords: ARENDT; Hannah; payable merit; self-regulating market

Licenciements collectifs : le prix d'une dette symbolique, Massive Layoffs : The Price of a Symbolic Debt - Malsan, Sylvie (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
Les licenciements massifs que connaît depuis vingt ans l’industrie française conduisent les ouvrier(ière)s à exprimer des demandes de réparation symbolique sous des formes nouvelles, dont l’interprétation échappe au paradigme classique de la lutte des classes. C’est avec Karl Polanyi, pour qui l’activité économique n’est pas autre chose que la vie elle-même, et Marcel Mauss, qui a posé le don au centre des relations sociales, que nous tentons de réinterroger la relation de travail dans son inégalité constitutive, mais aussi dans ce qu’elle représente pour l’ouvrier(ière) comme don de soi. En nous appuyant sur les données empiriques d’une enquête menée dans la région de Cherbourg, nous entendons caractériser le lien symbolique existant au coeur même du contrat de travail., ENG: Massive layoffs have occurred during the last twenty years in French industry which brings workers to express demands for symbolic reparation under new forms. This phenomena cannot be interpreted by classic paradigms as class struggles. Here we try to analyse working relationships through Polanyi and Mauss approaches. The first one considers that economic activity is nothing else that life itself ; the second puts gift at the core of social relationships. Following these authors, we characterize the symbolic link between employer and employee, which is anchored into employment contract. Our empirical data are based on research carried on in Cherbourg’s area (France).
Anthropology
Keywords: France; labour; symbolic debt

Le problème du désencastrement, The Problem of Disembeddedness - Velly, Ronan Le (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
Cet article revient sur la réception du travail de Karl Polanyi par plusieurs chercheurs importants de la nouvelle sociologie économique. Il montre que Polanyi a fait l’objet de deux types de critiques ayant en commun de contester la possibilité du désencastrement. Ces critiques sont discutables, et il est possible de donner une explication des malentendus liés à cette question en distinguant deux notions complémentaires d’encastrement, la première insistant sur les conditions sociales à partir desquelles les échanges marchands sont nécessairement construits et la seconde décrivant les degrés variables de différenciation des économies., EN: This paper discusses the reception of Karl Polanyi’s work by some leading scholars of the New Economic Sociology. It shows that Polanyi has received two different kinds of criticisms that, both of which, contest that there can be such thing as disembeddedness. These criticisms are not very justified and it is possible to give an explanation of this misunderstanding by distinguishing between two different and complementary notions of embeddedness, a first one that puts the stress on the social conditions upon which economic transactions are necessary carried out and a second one that describes how much economies are differentiated.
Sociology
Keywords: critique; disembeddedness

The Early Debate on Economic Calculation in Vienna (1919-1925): The Heterodox Point of View: Neurath, Mises and Polanyi - Becchio, Giandomenica (Storia del Pensiero Economico: Nuova Serie, 2007)
This paper is based on the idea that the early debate on economic calculation in a planned economy conducted in Vienna among Neurath, Mises, and Polanyi (1919-1925) was the starting point for the development of a particular form of heterodox economic theory propounded by liberal thinkers like Mises and by socialists like Neurath and Polanyi. Mises claimed that solving the problem of calculation was impossible, and consequently that a centrally planned economy was not theoretically feasible. Neurath and Polanyi instead sought to solve the problem of calculation and, despite certain profound differences between their views, they proposed a socialistic model alternative to the orthodox Marxist one.
Economics
Keywords: MISES; Ludwig von; Marxism; NEURATH; Otto; economic calculation; economic thought; heterodox economic theory; heterodox economics; history of economic thought; history of economics; planned economy

Against the Law: Labor Protests in China’s Rustbelt and Sunbelt - Lee, Ching Kwan (University of California Press, 2007)
This study opens a critical perspective on the slow death of socialism and the rebirth of capitalism in the world's most dynamic and populous country. Based on remarkable fieldwork and extensive interviews in Chinese textile, apparel, machinery, and household appliance factories, Against the Law finds a rising tide of labor unrest mostly hidden from the world's attention. Providing a broad political and economic analysis of this labor struggle together with fine-grained ethnographic detail, the book portrays the Chinese working class as workers' stories unfold in bankrupt state factories and global sweatshops, in crowded dormitories and remote villages, at street protests as well as in quiet disenchantment with the corrupt officialdom and the fledgling legal system.
Anthropology
Keywords: China; cultural anthropology; double movement; fictitious commodities; labour; social anthropology

Non-Trade Concerns in Agricultural and Environmental Economics: How J.R. Commons and Karl Polanyi Can Help Us - Barthélemy, Denis; Nieddu, Martino (Journal of Economic Issues, 2007)
Economics
Keywords: COMMONS; J.R.; economics; environmental economics; substantive economy

The Polanyian Way? Voluntary Food Labels as Neoliberal Governance - Guthman, Julie (Antipode, 2007)
Voluntary food labels that express ecological, social, and/or place-based values have been posed as an important form of resistance to neoliberalization in the Polanyian sense of protecting land, other natural resources, and labor from the ravages of the market. At the same time, these labels are in some respects analogs to the very things they are purported to resist, namely property rights that allow these ascribed commodities to be traded in a global market. After reviewing the Polanyian claims about these labels, the paper examines how these labels are operationalized and notes important differences in the sort of barriers to entry they erect, which in turn have quite different distributional consequences. It then goes on to discuss how these labels look to be an expression of roll-out neoliberalization. Following Heynen and Robbins who note four dominant aspects of neoliberalization of environmental governance (governance, privatization, enclosure, and valuation), to which a fifth (devolution) is added, the paper shows how these labels not only concede the market as the locus of regulation, but in keeping with neoliberalism's fetish of market mechanisms, they employ tools designed to create markets where none previously existed. In recognition that neoliberal political economies and subjectivities have delimited the possible, the paper also grapples with how these labels may produce political openings outside of their most proximate effects.
Geography
Keywords: agro-food governance; community studies; depletion allowances; fair trade; food labeling; government ownership; labeling; liberalism; natural resources; neoliberalism; organic food; privatization

Philosophizing with a hammer? A critique of Mirowski's markomata informed by continental philosophy - Juniper, James (Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2007)
Abstract: Mirowski''s justification for replacing the foundational principles of neoclassical economics – methodological individualism and rational choice theory – with a theoretical framework informed by cybernetics, information theory, and computational biology, is subject to a critique informed by the work of Karl Polanyi, Michel Foucault and Jürgen Habermas. Mirowski''s proposed alterative is called into question on the basis of two crucial weaknesses. First there is Mirowksi''s penchant for what Polanyi has called Laplacian reductionism. Second there is Mirowski''s inability to develop a comprehensive and consistent theory of evolutionary economics. Mirowski''s work is questioned in terms of what social theorists call the ‘structuration paradox’.
Economics
Keywords: FOUCAULT; Michel; 1926-1984; MIROWSKI; Philip; continental philosophy; cybernetics; economic methodology; economics; social theory; structuration paradox

Conflict of Laws as Constitutional Form: Reflections on International Trade Law and the Biotech Panel Report - Joerges, Christian (Social Science Research Network, 2007)
Hardly anywhere is the trend towards a perfection of transnational governance arrangements and their “legalization” more visible than in international trade. Governance arrangements established through and alongside WTO law are both practically important and theoretically challenging. They do not just organise international trade relations. They also affect national and regional (European) regulatory policies partly directly, partly more indirectly. How can we explain and how should we evaluate their emergence? The WTO system of 1994, which replaced the GATT of 1947, responded to the ever increasing importance of non-tariff barriers to trade. These barriers reflect regulatory concerns especially in the fields of health and safety, consumer and environmental protection. There importance for WTO member is such that they cannot simply be abandoned for the sake of free trade. This is why the responses the new international trade system institutionalised by special agreements concerning on-tariff barriers to free trade such as the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) reflect a politicisation of international trade. Can we conclude that international markets have been re-regulated and that international trade law ensures their “social embeddedness”? The paper seeks yardsticks for an answer to these questions in the debates on transnational constitutionalism. It submits that constutionalisation can and should be based on a conflict-of approach. For its elaboration of this suggestion, the paper first contrasts the jurdification of transnational governance at the European and the international level. It then discusses the WTO panel report on the Biotech dispute. It concludes that the legalisation and judicialisation in that case have remained “thin.” What can be observed is a political rather than a social and legal embeddedness of markets.
Law; Political Science
Keywords: FOUCAULT; Michel; 1926-1984; Polanyi and Foucault; World Trade Organization (WTO); constitutionalisation; economic law; embeddedness; european governance; international trade; legal embeddedness; legalization; legitimacy; multilevel governance; national autonomy; risk regulation; social embeddedness; transnational governance

Globalization, inequalities and the “Polanyi problem” - Śliwa, Martyna (Critical perspectives on international business, 2007)
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the consequences of globalization, in particular the increasing disparity between the wealth of nations and individuals in society. It discusses mechanisms which lead to perpetuation and reinforcement of the situation in which, despite being characterized by inequalities and fragmentation, societies remain by and large cohesive and stable. This article engages with the so-called “Polanyi problem” and with Polanyi’s and other authors’ responses to it. In the discussion, the analytical approach is adopted by reference to Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, in particular his concept of soma. Using the metaphor of soma, developed into four interrelated dimensions, illustrations of social and organizational processes, which ensure sustainability of, and cohesion within, a society based on inequality and fragmentation, are indicated. It is argued that the existence of stratified societies, and inequalities of wealth within and between them, is accompanied by phenomena which support and sustain them. Drawing upon literary fiction can offer valuable insights into issues pertinent to contemporary academic debate. Engagement with Huxley’s work provides an alternative way of contributing to the globalization debate and, in particular, to the literature addressing the so-called “Polanyi problem”.
Business; International Business
Keywords: Brave New World (book); HUXLEY; Aldous; Polanyi problem; distribution of wealth; globalization; international business; society; soma

Neoliberalism, embedded neoliberalism and neocorporatism: Towards transnational capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe - Bohle, Dorothee; Greskovits, Béla (West European Politics, 2007)
This article analyses the key features and origins of three variants of transnational capitalism emerging in Central-Eastern Europe: a neoliberal type in the Baltic states, an embedded neoliberal type in the Visegrád states, and a neocorporatist type in Slovenia. These regimes are characterised by their institutions and performances in marketisation, industrial transformation, social inclusion, and macroeconomic stability. Explanations for regime diversity are developed at two levels. First, it is argued that the legacies of the past, and their perceptions as either threats or assets to these countries' future, have had deep impact on regime types. Legacies and initial choices were no less crucial for the degree of democratic inclusion, and the different patterns of protest and patience on the paths towards the new regimes. Second, the article demonstrates the importance of transnational influences in industrial transformation and social inclusion.
Political Science
Keywords: Central-Eastern Europe; embedded neoliberalism; neoliberalism; transnational capitalism

Public sociology vs. the market - Burawoy, Michael (Socio-Economic Review, 2007)
Building on Karl Polanyi's theory of a societal reaction to the unregulated exchange of what he called fictitious commodities—labour, money and land—this paper links the history of sociology to the history of the market. If the first wave of marketization in the nineteenth century dwelt on the commodification of labour, prompting utopian sociologies, and the second wave of marketization of the twentieth century was provoked by the commodification of money, generating national policy sociologies, then the third wave of marketization that began in the last quarter of the twentieth century includes the commodification of the environment (land, air, water), and calls for public sociologies of a global dimension.
Sociology
Keywords: commercial products; fictitious commodities; government policy; history of sociology; markets - social aspects; publicity - social aspects; social theory; socioeconomics; utopian socialism

The Transnational Politics of Corporate Governance Regulation - Overbeek, Henk; Apeldoorn, Bastiaan van; Nölke, Andreas (Routledge, 2007)
This ambitious volume explores the politics of recent changes in corporate governance regulation and the transnational forces driving the process. Corporate governance has in the 1990s become a catchphrase of the global business community. The Enron collapse and other recent corporate scandals, as well as growing worries in Europe about the rise of Anglo-Saxon finance, have made issues of corporate governance the subject of political controversies and of public debate. The contributors argue that the regulation of corporate governance is an inherently political affair. Given the context of the deepening globalization of the corporate world, it is also increasingly a transnational phenomenon. In terms of the content of regulation the book shows an increasing reliance on the application of market mechanisms and a tendency for corporations themselves to become commodities. The emerging new mode of regulation is characterized by increasing informalization and by forms of private regulation. These changes in content and mode are driven by transnational actors, first of all the owners of internationally mobile financial capital and their functionaries such as coordination service firms, as well as by key public international agencies such as the European Commission. The Transnational Politics of Corporate Governance Regulation will be of interest to students and researchers of international political economy, politics, economics and corporate governance.
Political Science
Keywords: NGOs; NGOs (non-governmental organizations); business & economics; economic policy; international political economy; political science; public policy

Postoji Li Mogućnost Instaliranja Socijalnog Kapitalizma U Post-Socijalističkoj Tranziciji? - Lošonc, Alpar (Is It Possible to Install Social Capitalism in Postsocialist Transition?, 2007)
Recently Claus Offe has raised the question concerning the fate of the European model of social capitalism. Can the model of social capitalism survive European integration amongst current tendencies? Offe assumes that this model has been challenged by the processes of globalisation and by the integration of postsocialist countries into the European Union. The working hypotheses of this article is that a relatively coherent answer to this question may be offered. The article is divided into three parts. The first part starts with Polanyi's socio-economic theory and emphasizes the importance of this approach for analyzing tendencies of capitalism in Western Europe and in post-socialist countries. The author argues that Polanyi's theory enables us to explain the forms of embedded liberalism in Western Europe after 1945, as well as the orientation of non-embedded neoliberalism and the functioning of the workfare state after the crisis of the Keynesian welfare state. The central element of social capitalism, namely, the welfare-state, despite globalizing tendencies projected by neoliberalism, still has dimensions of continuity. In the second section it is argued that an asymmetrical structure has arisen between Western Europe and the non-Western part of Europe concerning the socialisation of capitalism. Neoliberalisation in accordance with the model of transferring ideal-type capitalism is much more strongly implemented in transition countries. In the third part the author pleads for a broadening of the meaning of welfare to take into account the ecological aspect of welfare in countries in transition. The author insists that embeddedness must also include socio-ecological aspects of transition processes in postsocialist countries. Moreover, this theoretical approach provides an opportunity to explain the failures in implementing neoliberalism in postsocialist countries. If we introduce socio-ecological aspects we are in a much better position to answer Offe's question. (English)
Sociology; Anthropology
Keywords: Europe; OFFE; Claus; capitalism; država blagostanja; neoliberalism; social anthropology; social capitalism; social psychology; socijalni kapitalizam; socio-ecological embeddedness; socio-ekološka utkanost; transition; tranzicija; welfare state

Understanding the Diverging Trajectories of the United States and Western Europe: A Neo-Polanyian Analysis - Block, Fred (Politics & Society, 2007)
This article proposes a neo-Polanyian theoretical framework for understanding the dynamics within contemporary market societies. It uses this framework to analyze the divergence between the United States and other developed societies that has become more pronounced in the first years of the twenty-first century. The argument emphasizes the shifting political alliances of the business community in the United States and suggests that from 1994 onward, business lost power in the right-wing coalition to its religious Right allies. The growing power of a religious-based social movement is a critical ingredient in the unilateralist turn in the Bush Administration’s foreign policy.
Sociology
Keywords: U.S. business; economic sociology; embedded economy; embeddedness; social theory; varieties of capitalism

Principles of Institutional-Evolutionary Political Economy – Converging Themes from the Schools of Heterodoxy - O'Hara, Phillip Anthony (Journal of Economic Issues (Association for Evolutionary Economics), 2007)
The article examines the renewed interest in heterodox political economy. Institutionalists, post Keynesians, neo-Marxists, and feminists among others, and various sub-groups provide schools of thought on heterodoxy. The guidelines of institutional-evolutionary political economy (IEPE) are offered alongside socioeconomic analysis and complexity theories. The author outlines the conflict of individual v. structure. Other topics covered include social capital, heterogeneous agents, financial instability, cumulative causation, institutional environments, community and governance, and destructive creation.
Economics
Keywords: Keynesian economics; creative destruction; disembedded economy; economic policy; evolutionary economics; heterodox economics; heterodox political economy; infrastructure (economics); mixed ability grouping (education); political economic analysis; social capital; social theory

Tanzanite: Commodity Fiction or Commodity Nightmare? - Donahue, Katherine Curtis (Social Science Research Network, 2007)
Karl Polanyi's discussion of the commodification of land, labour, and money is useful in analysis not only of nineteenth century markets but also of twenty-first century social and economic developments. This working paper explores the process of commodification of tanzanite, a gemstone discovered in the 1960s south of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, and actively mined only since the 1980s. More rare than diamonds because the source area is limited to the Mererani hills east of Arusha, the gemstones reach markets through Maasai middlemen, foreign buyers, processors, cutters, polishers and dealers in Tanzania, India, Hong Kong, and the United States. The U.S. is responsible for 80% of the market for tanzanite. Production of the stone is occasionally slowed by flooding, accidents, and conflict over rights to mining areas. Children and teenagers often work in the tanzanite mines. These miners suffer death and disease not only because of unsafe mine conditions but also because of drug use and HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, this new commodity received close scrutiny after the attacks of September 11, 2001, because of a Wall Street Journal report that members of al Qaeda bought tanzanite for use in funding its networks and activities. This paper explores policy issues raised not only by that report and by global NGOs such as Global Witness, but also by the Tanzanian state, by health and safety workers and the miners and mining companies at Mererani. The paper is based on field interviews with buyers and sellers, in Tanzania and in the United States, as well as analysis of media reports, in order to argue that this particular commodity is, in Polanyi's terms, a fiction, one which has serious policy, social, health, and economic implications.
Anthropology
Keywords: Tanzania; Tanzanite; fictitious commodities; mining

The Great Transformation of Embeddedness: Karl Polanyi and the New Economic Sociology - Beckert, Jens (Social Science Research Network, 2007)
I argue that in its adaptation from Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation, the concept of embeddedness has itself undergone a great transformation. In the process, significant meanings of the concept have vanished, while others have been added. First I explore the different meanings the concept of embeddedness has achieved in the new economic sociology. Then I argue that it is not the embeddedness of economic action that should constitute the vantage point of economic sociology, but rather three coordination problems that actors face in economic exchange: the valuation of goods, competition and the problem of cooperation deriving from the social risks of exchange. I show that by proceeding from these coordination problems economic sociology, economic anthropology and economic history can find common research questions which allow them to enter into dialogue with each other more systematically. In the next section I focus on the social-reformist inclinations of Polanyi’s use of the notion of embeddedness and thereby highlight a challenge posed in The Great Transformation that was largely not taken up by economic sociologists. Finally, I discuss limitations for developing a macro theory of the economy that result from making embeddedness the core concept of economic sociology.
Sociology
Keywords: economic history; economic sociology; embeddedness; political economy

Le « Gas Argentine » Revisite: De L'utopie Libérale Au Retour De La Politique… - Blaum, Luis (El «caso argentina» revisitado. De la utopía liberal al regreso de la potítica…., 2007)
Argentina constitutes a revealing textbook case of the link between the liberal utopia of an auto-regulated market, commodity fetishism and economists' theories. How does economic liberalisation, backed by a law on currency convertibility, resolve the crisis of political representation affecting the country since the emergence of Peronism, the «voice of the voiceless», in the 1940s? The liberal utopia of markets' auto-regulation associates taking root in social life with having money, by means of what Marx called the «vulgar economy». From this viewpoint, the monetary crisis of 2001, a real social tragedy, illustrates Polanyi's thesis: liberal utopia's stumbling blocks force societies to give markets roots which have political and social dimensions. But, conveyed by economic thought, commodity fetishism continues to play an active role in exiting a crisis. The political position is perilous and based on a scientific approach that makes people believe that social reality can be completely manipulated. (English)
Economics
Keywords: Argentina; MARX; Karl; 1818-1883; commodity fetishism; financial crises; financial crisis; utopia

Embeddedness, Path Dependency and Social Institutions: An Economic Sociology Approach - Ghezzi, Simone; Mingione, Enzo (Current Sociology, 2007)
This paper argues for a theoretical approach based on embeddedness which assumes that the economic actor is not an atomized and utilitarian individual, but is in fact positioned within specific historical and institutional contexts in various social networks. This approach is based on Polanyi's critically debated contribution which allows for an empirical study of the diversity of institutional structures and of the significance of configurations of insertion within different social networks. Such diversity results from the double movement of disembeddedness and re-embeddedness caused by the spread of constantly emerging market opportunities, and by the importance held by the historically and culturally different selective processes of path dependency in the construction of the institutions of social regulation and of the socialized preferences of economic actors. Within these processes attention is given to the transformation of social systems based on reciprocity (household, kin, social capital networks, etc.), associations of shared interests, forms of economic organization (in a plurality of coexisting ‘economies’), unequal distribution of power, and political intervention.
Sociology
Keywords: abordaje de sociologí económica; culture; dependencia de camino e institutiones sociales; developing countries; dépendance au chemin parcouru; embeddedness; empirical research; entrepreneurship; imbricación; institutions sociales; kin network; market; path dependency; reciprocity; reciprocity (commerce); social groups; social institutions; social networks; social systems; socioeconomics; utilitarianism

The End of Potlatch: An Anthropological Approach to Nostromo - Juhász, Tamás (Research in Economic Anthropology, 2007)
This study contends that the various forms of archaic trade that anthropologists have reconstructed on the Northwest Coast of America are explanatory of plot-construction and characterization in Conrad's South-American novel. My thesis is that Nostromo is a figure defined by the practice of potlatch, and that his key presence in the plot entails the representation of a culturally dislocating transition from archaic transactions to modern commerce. The theoretical framework of this chapter hinges on the insights of Marcel Mauss, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Karl Polanyi, and Georges Bataille.
Anthropology
Keywords: CONRAD; Joseph; LEVI-STRAUSS; Claude; Nostromo (book : Conrad); archaic economy; embeddedness; history of commerce; plots (Drama; novel; etc.); potlatch; reciprocity; redistribution

Globalization, Inequality, and "Double Movement" in East Asia - Kim, Wonik (Conference Papers – New England Political Science Association, 2007)
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of rising income inequality on the welfare state in East Asia. Specifically, I explore and test two causal links: 1) the effects of economic globalization on income distribution, and 2) the increase in income inequality on the prospect of socio-welfare policies. Building on Polanyi's politico-economic concept of "double movement," I hypothesize that rapid neoliberalization and financial globalization in East Asia since the early 1990s (after the Asian Financial Crisis) has de-constructed the traditional state apparatuses that supported a well-known state-led accumulation strategy. This shift in political arrangements and national growth strategy, in turn, has entailed rising income inequality in a society, calling for restructuring the traditional East Asian welfare state. The success and failure of the creation of a new welfare state for new social risks depends on the level of contentious politics and country specific traits. With this general theoretical framework, I conduct a comparative method of five East Asian countries - China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan - for the period from the 1990s to the present, and explain the similarities and differences among them. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Political Science
Keywords: East Asia; equality; globalization; income distribution; international competition; neoliberalism

Rethinking the Categories of Feminist Theory: Diverse Feminist Responses to the Market Economy - MacLean, Lee (Conference Papers – New England Political Science Association, 2007)
Feminist theory is often articulated as a series of categories of thought: liberal feminism, socialist feminism, Marxist feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, etc. These categories have aided the recent development of feminist thought, but their prevalence sometimes limits discussion to predicable perimeters. My argument begins from the observation that feminists often have very different responses to the rise of the market economy as a separate institution largely free of control by political and kinship-based authorities. In particular, there is a difference of opinion about the liberating possibilities of participating in a largely self-regulating market economy. I think an investigation of this disagreement could provide a new way of conceptualizing the main lines of feminist argument. For example, feminists who emphasize that the market economy provides an opportunity for women to free themselves from gender restrictions expressed in family and kinship traditions might be called libertarian-type feminists. Other feminists, those who (from varying perspectives) are skeptical that participation in the free market results in freedom for women, might be termed free-market skeptics. Of course, one wants to avoid creating new rigid labels, but thinking about this conceptualization can help to destabilize old categories and to recast often divisive debates (for example, over issues such as prostitution, pornography and housework).The argument is inspired by thinking through descriptions of the historically changing relations between market, family and politics found in two works: Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation and Linda Nicholson's "Feminism and Marx: integrating Kinship with the Economic." ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Political Science
Keywords: capitalism; families; feminism; feminists; kinship; women

Reforming Social Justice in Neoliberal Times - Brodie, Janine M (Studies in Social Justice, Vol 1, Iss 2, Pp 93-107 (2007), 2007)
This article unfolds in three stages. First, it locates the emergence of modern conceptions of social justice in industrializing Europe, and especially in the discovery of the “social,” which provided a particular idiom for the liberal democratic politics for most of the twentieth century. Second, the article links this particular conception of the social to the political rationalities of the postwar welfare state and the identity of the social citizen. Finally, the article discusses the myriad ways in which this legacy of the social and social justice has been disrupted, although not yet fully displaced, by the economic orthodoxies and individualization that inform the contemporary neoliberal governing project in Canada. The result, the article concludes, has been the institutionalization of insecurity, which demands the renewal of a social way of seeing and a politics of social justice on local and global scales.
Political Science
Keywords: criminology; neoliberalism; political economy; social and public welfare; social governance; social justice; social pathology; social policy; social sciences; sociology

Reading Karl Polanyi for the Twenty-First Century - Bugra, A. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)
Using Karl Polanyi's analysis of the separation of politics and the economy, the book argues that the market economy is not a spontaneous process, but a...
Economics; Sociology
Keywords: commodification; financial economics; macroeconomics; market economy; monetary economics

Reconfiguring the Terrain of Cultural Governance in Mexico: The Role of the Mexican Film Community in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization - Busmann, Nadine (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2007)
Reconfiguring the Terrain of Cultural Governance in Mexico: The Role of the Mexican Film Community in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization Embracing the dominant neoliberal project, many Mexican elites have prioritized economic growth and market logics over broader social goals. The unleashing of market forces globally,and the adoption of neoliberal policies nationally have had a significant impact on local communities and national culture in Mexico. Focusing on Mexican cultural production, this paper explores the shifting terrain of political struggle in the Mexican film industry. One of the central concerns of this paper is what processes and on what authority the imagined political community in Mexico is constructed, reconstructed, and reproduced in the current era of neoliberal globalization. Historically, political contestation among political, cultural and business elites has been central to the perpetuation of the national cultural project, in this paper, it is argued that the changing political landscape in Mexico has created new conditions for contestation providing sites for previously marginalized forces to challenge the hegemony of neoliberalism.Conceptualising neoliberal globalization and its application by Mexican elites in Polanyian terms?as a double movement?the paper examines the consolidation of the Mexican film coalition as a counter-movement, driven by cultural elites, which emerged to contest the hegemony of market driven politics. In this regard the paper analyzes the ideological and material foundations of this movement. Further, it examines the coalition´s efforts to create a social base from which to reshape the state´s politico-cultural agenda to ensure the survival of an indigenous film industry, thus providing (sub)national identities with an image and voice in the face of globalizing forces. It suggests that organic intellectuals built collective political agency upon the conviction that neoliberal globalization is to be resisted insofar as it subjects the nation to transnational?and hence alien?cultural, political and economic forces. Lastly, it challenges the assumption that in challenging the hegemony of neoliberalism the film community is anti-capitalist. As the evidence will reveal the motivating factors and ideological foundations driving the efforts of the film community are much more complex. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Political Science
Keywords: Mexico; cultural production; elite (social sciences); globalization; international studies; neoliberalism; social goals

Une fondation Polanyi : un projet toujours actuel, A Polanyi Foundation : Still Up To Date - Caillé, Alain (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
La pensée de Polanyi peut être vue comme une sorte de lieu géométrique entre des courants de pensée de gauche très divers, de la gauche de gauche au centre gauche. Cet article montre comment, entre 1995 et 1999, le nom de Polanyi a en effet servi de point de ralliement à des dizaines d’intellectuels (sociologues, économistes, philosophes...) connus en France et en Europe, ce qui n’a pas été sans impact politique. Une perspective toujours d’actualité ?, Polanyi’s throught can be seen as some sort of smallest denominator common to diverse spheres of the Left ranging from ultra to central Left. The article shows how between 1995 and 1999 Polany’s name has permitted to gather dozens of well-known intellectuals (sociologists, economists, philosophers) in France and in Europe and how this gathering has had some political impact. A still urgent perspective ?
Sociology
Keywords: plural economy; radical social democracy; social-démocratie radicale; économie plurielle

Actualité de Karl Polanyi, The Actuality of Karl Polanyi - Caillé, Alain; Laville, Jean-Louis (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
Que peut-on retenir de l’œuvre de K. Polanyi en comparaison, notamment, de celles de Marx ou de Weber ? Cet article fait le point à la fois sur les contributions historiques et anthropologiques de Polanyi à l’histoire du marché et sur son aspiration à un socialisme associationniste, et il conclut que, audelà des nécessaires rectifications et actualisations, K. Polanyi reste la source d’inspiration principale pour un socialisme radical à visage humaniste., What must be kept of K. Polanyi’s legacy as compared, especially, to those of Marx or Weber ? This article provides an evaluation both of the anthropological and historical contributions of Polanyi to the history of market(s) and of the present meaning of his advocacy of an associationist socialism. It concludes that, once the necessary corrections and rectifications are made, Polany remains our main resource to think a radical and democratic socialism with a humanist face.
Sociology
Keywords: capitalism; capitalisme; democracy; démocratie; marché; markets; socialisme associationniste; solidarity economy; économie solidaire

Third Ways: How Bulgarian Greens, Swedish Housewives, and Beer-swilling Englishmen Created Family-centered Economies– and why They Disappeared - Carlson, Allan C. (ISI Books, 2007)
Freewheeling capitalism or collectivist communism: when it came to political-economic systems, did the twentieth century present any other choice? Does our century? In Third Ways, social historian Allan Carlson tells the story of how different thinkers from Bulgaria to Great Britain created economic systems during the twentieth century that were by intent neither capitalist nor communist. Unlike fascists, these seekers were committed to democracy and pluralism. Unlike liberal capitalists, they refused to treat human labor and relationships as commodities like any other. And unlike communists, they strongly defended private property and the dignity of persons and families. Instead, the builders of these alternative economic systems wanted to protect and renew the “natural” communities of family, village, neighborhood, and parish. They treasured rural culture and family farming and defended traditional sex roles and vital home economies. Carlson's book takes a fresh look at distributism, the controversial economic project of Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton which focused on broad property ownership and small-scale production; recovers the forgotten thought of Alexander Chayanov, a Russian economist who put forth a theory of “the natural family economy”; discusses the remarkable “third way” policies of peasant-led governments in post–World War I Bulgaria, Poland, and Romania; recounts the dramatic and largely unknown effort by Swedish housewives to defend their homes against radical feminism; relates the iconoclastic ideas of economic historian Karl Polanyi, including his concepts of “the economy without markets” and “the great transformation”; and praises the efforts by European Christian Democrats to build a moral economy on the concept of homo religious—“religious man.” Finally, Carlson's work explains why these efforts—at times rich in hope and prospects—ultimately failed, often with tragic results. The tale inspires wistful regret over lost opportunities that, if seized, might have spared tens of millions of lives and forestalled or avoided the blights of fascism, Stalinism, socialism, and the advent of the servile state. And yet the book closes with hope, enunciating a set of principles that could be used today for invigorating a “family way” economy compatible with an authentic, healthy, and humane culture of enterprise.
History; Economics
Keywords: business & economics; economic history; economic theory; economics / comparative; history - modern; history / 20th Century

The Politics of Liquid Modernity: Polanyi and Bauman on Commodification and Fluidity - Christodoulidis, Emilios (Liquid Society and Its Law, 2007)
Book edited by Jirí Pribán This collection of essays brings together Zygmunt Bauman and a number of internationally distinguished legal scholars who examine the influence of Bauman's recent works on social theory of law and socio-legal studies. Contributors focus on the concept of 'liquid society' and its adoption by legal scholars. The volume opens with Bauman's analysis of fears and policing in 'liquid society' and continues by examining the social and legal theoretical context and implications of Bauman's theory.
Sociology
Keywords: BAUMAN; Zygmunt; commodification; fluidity; law / jurisprudence; liquid modernity; philosophy; political philosophy

Neoliberalism or Democracy: Competing Forms of Social Organization in Latin America - Dowd, Jeffrey (Conference Papers – American Sociological Association, 2007)
While political turmoil is not new to Latin America, the tension between neoliberalism and democracy can help explain present-day turmoil. The current political situation in Latin America is the result of a disconnect between the goals of democracy, in particular, between social justice goals, upon which the legitimacy of democratic government rests, and the neoliberal economic policy of the region. Polanyi's concept of the always-embedded economy states that a market economy must be embedded in a market society. Following Polanyi, I argue that markets and democracy require different forms of social organization. Markets and democracy are alternate and competing forms of social organization. The predominance of one often coincides with the restriction of the other. For example, neoliberal governance that maintains market society undermines electoral efficacy. While this may be a general attribute of neoliberalism, previous economic crisis in Latin America increased the need for rhetorical commitment to social justice goals. Latin America's structural position has not changed, however, and international finance and global organizations, like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, still constrain Latin American governments. I argue that any resolution to the tension between neoliberalism and democracy must accept the conflicting nature of these two forms of social organization. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Sociology
Keywords: Latin America; always embedded economy; democracy; economic policy; embeddedness; free market; free-market; market; neoliberalism; political science; political theory; social justice

Moral Views of Market Society - Fourcade, Marion (Annual Review of Sociology, 2007)
Upon what kind of moral order does capitalism rest? Conversely, does the market give rise to a distinctive set of beliefs, habits, and social bonds? These questions are certainly as old as social science itself. In this review, we evaluate how today's scholarship approaches the relationship between markets and the moral order. We begin with Hirschman's characterization of the three rival views of the market as civilizing, destructive, or feeble in its effects on society. We review recent work at the intersection of sociology, economics, and political economy and show that these views persist both as theories of market society and moral arguments about it. We then argue that a fourth view, which we call moralized markets, has become increasingly prominent in economic sociology. This line of research sees markets as cultural phenomena and moral projects in their own right, and seeks to study the mechanisms and techniques by which such projects are realized in practice.
Sociology
Keywords: capitalism; culture; governmentality; moral markets; moral order; performativity

Globalization, Welfare Reform and the Social Economy: Developing and Alternative Approach to Analyzing Social Welfare Systems in the Post-Industrial Era Special Issue on Globalization: Social Justice & Social Welfare - Gonzales, Vanna (Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 2007)
Our understanding of the relationship between globalization and contemporary social welfare systems is heavily influenced by three conventional approaches to studying welfare reform: the political economy, moral economy, and mixed economy approaches.In addition to analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches, a central aim of this article is to introduce the social economy approach as an emergent alternative. Drawing from a growing body of work on institutional innovation within the European third sector, I argue that the social economy approach makes a valuable contribution to understanding the role of welfare networks in recon-figuring globalizations 'impact on the character and quality of social provision so as to better reconcile social efficacy with social justice.
Sociology
Keywords: globalization; social enterprises; social inclusion; social justice; third sector; welfare networks; welfare reform

Searching for the Theory of Practice behind the WTO's Commodification Mandate - Göpel, Maja (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2007)
When trying to understand the origins of the collapse of nineteenth-century civilization, Karl Polanyi identified a Great Transformation into a "starkly utopian" Self-Regulating Market (SRM). This shift entailed 2 elements: a wide-ranging re-regulation of organization and control of production processes, and the development of economic liberalism as a body of thought that provided justification of a new set of public policies that facilitated a transformation of land (nature), labor (people), and capital (money) into "fictitious commodities." Even though these factors have not originally been produced for sale, they are now organized by purchase-logics and their value determined by market signals. Philosophy of praxis approaches point out that this process of transformation is never complete. Neither the ?discovery? of new commodities, nor the expansion of market logics are natural, but the outcome of socio-political struggles. New agreements of the World Trade Organization for example render ever more elements of social life and nature as ?trade related? and under its auspices the next great commodification wave unfolds. This paper traces which type of knowledge publicly justifies the resulting floods these policies release before comparing it with concrete negotiated outcomes and their impacts. The final discussion will circle the question to which extent ?objective? science influences policy-making - or if subjective selection of sciences supports policy-selling. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Political Science
Keywords: World Trade Organization (WTO); commodification; ideal types; institutionalism; international trade; manufacturing processes; methodology; policy sciences; trade regulation

The Political Economy of Mesoamerican States: An Economic Ethnographer's View - Halperin, Rhoda (The Political Economy of Ancient Mesoamerica: Transformations During the Formative and Classic Periods, 2007)
KM: outlines a generic model of political economy based on Polanyi's writings and explores some of its implications.
Anthropology
Keywords: Mesoamerica; economic anthropology

The Intellectual Commons vs Intellectual Property: Marxian and Polanyian Perspectives on Intellectual Capital, including Remarks on Primitive Accumulation - Jessop, Bob (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2007)
This paper explores the increasing significance of intellectual property rights for the appropriation of surplus value in capitalism. Building on Marx's analysis of the value form and extending it to the commodification of knowledge, it develops a Marxian critique of informational capitalism based on the basic categories of value theory; inter alia, this looks at the commodification of knowledge from the viewpoint of commodity fetishism, the enclosure of traditional knowledge, the formal subsumption of intellectual labour, the real subsumption of intellectual labour, and the role of intellectual property rights as a contradictory means to support the average rate of profit for firms specializing in immaterial production (whilst enabling them to appropriate monopoly profits). The second part of the paper inquires whether these arguments lend support to a Polanyian interpretation of knowledge as a fictitious commodity. On the basis of the arguments already deployed, plus further arguments, it is suggested that knowledge can function as a non-commodity, a quasi-commodity, a fictitious commodity, a real commodity, and as fictive capital. This has interesting implications for the concepts of primitive accumulation and accumulation through dispossession. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Political Science
Keywords: Marxist philosophy; capitalism; commodification; intellectual property; political doctrines

Karl Polanyi, Marshall Sahlins, and the Study of Ancient Social Relations - Kirk, Alan (Journal of Biblical Literature, 2007)
Questions arise whenever social-scientific models are used in analysis of ancient texts, particularly regarding the feasibility of their application to social and cultural milieux different from those from which they were derived. An essay I authored that assessed the command in Luke 6 to "love your enemies" from the perspective of ancient reciprocity ethics, and that invoked Marshall Sahlins's taxonomy of reciprocity relations (general, balanced, and negative reciprocity), was queried by Zeba Crook on precisely this point, namely, whether it applied Sahlins's taxonomy to Greco-Roman reciprocity relations without adequate attention to the distinctions between kinship organized tribal societies (the focus of Sahlins's analysis) and the socially stratified agrarian societies characteristic of the ancient Mediterranean world.1 Crook's piece was more than just a critique on that point; it raised questions about the extent to which Sahlins's model has applicability to the Roman world. This essay will focus on this key point and, it is hoped, will also contribute to the discussion on the use of social-scientific research in biblical studies.
Religion Studies; Philosophy
Keywords: SAHLINS; Marshall; biblical studies; clientelism; cognitive models; economic models; kinship; reciprocity; slave trade; social interaction; stone age

Wealth and Poverty in Postindustrial Societies. The Pragmatistic Approach to Their Empirical Assessment - Kreutz, Henrik (Angewandte Sozialforschung, 2007)
On the terms of Karl Polányi's concept of the "Commodity Fiction" a theoretical conception of poverty is developed, which defines "absolute poverty" as a process, the terminal state of which is "annihilation". Within this process of "totalitarian consumption" consumer goods do not serve human needs in the first line but turn more and more into "consuming goods" which destroy the independence of human actors step by step and finally transform them into "cyborgs", i.e. creatures, whose lives and intentions become fictions of this system of totalitarian consumption.
Sociology
Keywords: absolute poverty; commodity fiction; consumer goods; consumerism; consumption (economics); fictitious commodities; income distribution; postindustrial societies; poverty; wealth

Embeddedness and the intellectual projects of economic sociology (English) - Krippner, Greta R. [b1] (analytic); Alvarez, Anthony S. [b2] (analytic) (Annu. rev. sociology, 2007)
In this review, we explore how the concept of embeddedness has shaped-and been shaped by-the evolution of the subfield of economic sociology. Although embeddedness is often taken as a conceptual umbrella for a single, if eclectic, approach to the sociological study of the economy, we argue that in fact the concept references two distinct intellectual projects. One project, following from Granovetter's (1985) well-known programmatic statement, attempts to discern the relational bases of social action in economic contexts. Another project, drawing from Polanyi's [1944 (2001), 1957 1977] social theory, concerns the integration of the economy into broader social systems. Critically, these two formulations of embeddedness involve different views of the relationship between the economic and the social. The implication is that the obstacles to theoretical integration in economic sociology, while not insurmountable, are greater than is typically acknowledged. (English)
Sociology
Keywords: GRANOVETTER; Mark; Réseau; action sociale; economic sociology; economic system; economy & society; economy/society; embeddedness; firms; marché; market; markets; network; networks; social action; système économique

The Slight Transformation: Contesting the Legacy of Karl Polanyi - Lacher, Hannes (Reading Karl Polanyi for the Twenty-First Century, 2007)
The postwar reconstruction of domestic and international orders ushered in a new political economy of capitalism. It entailed a far-reaching reorganization of social relations and economic institutions and accorded to the state an important role in the management of the economy. Many of the institutions of classical liberalism were displaced by interventionist mechanisms. The welfare state consolidated and extended multifarious forms of protection accorded to labor. A new level of labor-market regulation and public provisioning transformed the conditions under which people worked and lived, leading to higher incomes for large groups of society, and creating a higher degree of security for them both in the workplace and beyond. International institutions were created to facilitate the regulatory functions that these welfare states had assumed, supported by a conducive exchange-rate regime and restrictions on capital mobility.
Political Science; Economics
Keywords: capital mobility; market society; market system; postwar period; postwar reconstruction; welfare state

Mort et résurrection du capitalisme libéral, Death and Resurrection of Liberal Capitalism - Laval, Christian (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
Pour comprendre La Grande Transformation de Karl Polanyi, il faut la replacer dans le contexte des années 1930 et 1940, époque de contestation générale du vieux libéralisme « manchestérien ». L’article compare les positions de quatre auteurs contemporains : Karl Polanyi, Joseph Schumpeter, Friedrich von Hayek et Walter Eucken. Cette comparaison montre d’abord que Polanyi n’était pas le seul à constater la fin du cycle libéral du capitalisme. Elle montre ensuite que la question portait aussi sur le type d’intervention de l’État. La nouveauté introduite par le néolibéralisme réside dans le fait que le marché n’est pas une nature, mais un ordre politiquement construit., ENG: To have an accurate reading of Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation, the reader should put his work back in its context of the 1930’s and 1940’s, in a time of widespread criticism of the old « manchesterian » liberalism. The text draws a parallel between the points of view of four contemporary writers : Karl Polanyi, Joseph Schumpeter, Friedrich Von Hayek et Walter Eucken. First and foremost, it shows that Polanyi was not the only writer to note the end of the liberal cycle of capitalism. Then, it emphasizes the fact that the debate was focused on the type of state intervention. The originality brought about by neoliberalism lies in the conception of market, which is no more considered as natural but as a political construction.
Sociology
Keywords: Great Transformation; The (Book); HAYEK; Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August); 1899-1992; SCHUMPETER; Joseph Alois; 1883-1950; liberal capitalism; neoliberalism

India's Double-Movement: Polanyi and the National Alliance of People's Movements - Levien, Michael (Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 2007)
Through an examination of India's National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM), the largest social movement alliance resisting neoliberal globalization in India, this paper attempts to theoretically reconstruct Polanyi's theory of (t the double movement" for the neoliberal age. Polanyi famously observed that early twentieth century liberal attempts to "dis-embed" the market from social controls created unprecedented social dislocations, leading to widespread protective (< countermovements "to "re-embed" the market within social constraints. I analyze the usefulness and shortcomings of Polanyi's formulation for understanding the current politics of neoliberal globalization. Specifically, I argue that Polanyi failed to explain how a "countermovement" is politically organized and did not develop an adequate theory for the anti-market countermovement he described. Using ethnographic observation ofNAPM's efforts to organize a national alliance against neoliberal globalization, I show how the nature of a "Polanyian" constituency creates previously untheorized obstacles for the effective political organization of a countermovement. These obstacles derive from inherent characteristics of a Polanyian constituency: 1) the economic and social diversity of—and therefore potential antagonism between—its prospective agents, who do not share similar relationships to the means of production, but only the common fact of being negatively affected by the market, and 2) the vastly different ways in which such diverse groups experience market displacements, leadings to a proliferation of single-issue movements whose commonality is hard to perceive and unity difficult to build.
Sociology
Keywords: India; constituents; double movement; globalization; international alliances; neoliberalism; protest movements; resistance movements; social movements

Karl Polanyi, une biographie intellectuelle - Maucourant, Jérôme (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
I will endeavor here to retrace the major stages of life and career of Karl Polanyi and the genesis of his main ideas in the first part of the TWENTIETH century marked both by the occurrence of major disasters and the Effacement of the first market society that had taken shape in the nineteenth century.
Sociology; Political Science
Keywords: biography; capitalisme; démocratie; marché; socialisme

Le marché, une institution entre économie et histoire - Maucourant, Jérôme (Cahiers lillois d'économie et de sociologie, 2007)
"L'hypothèse de l'article est la suivante : il n'est pas possible de parler rigoureusement d'un concept de « marché » en science économique, car ce concept est en réalité une notion floue, au mieux ambivalente. En revanche, le recours à d'autres sciences sociales, comme l'histoire et la sociologie, peuvent aider à la construction d'un concept de marché. Ainsi, le travail de Karl Polanyi et les travaux d'historiens contemporains, notamment ceux d'Alain Guéry, semblent utiles pour mieux distinguer le marché propre à la « société de marché » au sens de Polanyi des marchés caractéristiques des économies archaïques ou d'Ancien régime. L'histoire des idées et la réhabilitation du travail de Montchrestien, contre le jugement hâtif de Schumpeter, est mobilisée pour illustrer l'hypothèse de l'article. Il est enfin suggéré que ni l'approche en terme d'équilibre général, ni les travaux d'Israël Kirzner n'ont eu de valeur heuristique en ce qui concerne la présente problématique." ENG translation: "The topic of the paper consists in arguing that it is not yet possible to have a rigourous concept of « market », as so far as economics is concerned. Nor equilibrilim theory nor kirznerian approach have a real interest for the precise task of conceptualising market as such. At best, « market » is a undetermined notion or, in some case, has even a double meaning (market place and selfregulating market). Nevertheless, thanks to other social science, i.e. history and sociology, il is possible to elaborate a concept of market. Works of Karl Polanyi, but also more recent contributions of a historian of french Ancien Régime economy, Alain Guéry, are usefull from this point of view. Then, a clear distinction seems to be done between market of modern « market society ». The paper insists also in giving ti the Montchrestien Traicté de l'Œconomie politique a importance denied by Schumpeter. "
Economics; Sociology
Keywords: economic theory; markets

On the need for a heterodox health economics - McMaster, Robert (post-autistic economics review, 2007)
INTRO: This paper is a plea for greater cognizance of the errors of omission and commission committed by mainstream health economics, and the potential orientation in treating health and health care as (metaphorical) commodities that the unfettered influence of health economics may be prompting. Economic criticisms of mainstream health economics are evident, especially in the collection edited by John Davis (2001), but tend to be rather fragmented and lacking in credibility with our mainstream brethren. Contentiously, seeking the approval or otherwise of the mainstream is perhaps not as important as in other areas of economics, if indeed it is the case at all, but gaining the attention of other social scientists, medics, and policy makers may be of considerable consequence. The paper does not seek to speculate on strategies for addressing these bodies; instead it concentrates on the nature of the message.
Economics
Keywords: commodity fiction; fictitious commodities; health; health economics; political economy

Karl Polanyi et le processus institué de démocratisation politique, Karl Polanyi and the Instituted Process of Political Democratization - Mendell, Marguerite (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
Cet article porte sur le « processus économique institué » de Karl Polanyi. Il s’appuie sur certains de ses écrits moins connus, qui précèdent et suivent la publication en anglais de la Grande Transformation, dans lesquels Polanyi insistait en particulier sur la capacité des individus et des collectivités à agir sur leur propre destinée. Ces écrits nous aident à conceptualiser les processus de transformation institutionnelle qui caractérisent la société contemporaine. Cet article s’intéresse à l’impact de la société dite civile sur l’innovation en matière de politiques ou d’institutions, sur les préconditions qui institutionnalisent, pour ainsi dire, ces pratiques – qui se transmettent ensuite horizontalement aux sous-systèmes institutionnels et verticalement aux institutions macro ou gouvernantes. ENG: This article bears on Polanyi’s « instituted economic process » and uses a range of not very well known articles published before and after The Great Transformation where Polanyi insisted on the capacity of individuals and communities to shape their own destiny. Here we are particularly interested in the impact of civil society on political innovation which percolates both along horizontal or vertical lines.
Economics; Sociology
Keywords: instituted economic process

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Marx, Weber, Schumpeter, and Polanyi - Özel, Hüseyin (2007)
This paper is an attempt at developing an analytical framework that could be helpful to understand the unstable character of the capitalist society, by drawing upon the work of four important thinkers: Marx, Weber, Schumpeter, and Polanyi. It is argued that all four share a similar vision towards capitalism, and that they are all indispensable for the thesis that the working of capitalism undermines its own institutional structure, and thus make the reproduction of the capitalist society a contradictory process. The paper advances three theses in regard of these thinkers: first, being various representatives of the German “expressivist ” tradition, they conceive human history as displaying two antinomical tendencies at the same time; namely, human self expression through creative action vs. the loss of freedom due to increasing rationalization, alienation, and domination; second, capitalism should be seen as a decisive step towards more rationalization and therefore the loss of freedom, even if it creates the preconditions of the self-realization of the “species-being”; and third, they all believe that the very success of capitalism is the basic cause of its failure.
Economics
Keywords: MARX; Karl; 1818-1883; SCHUMPETER; Joseph Alois; 1883-1950; WEBER; Max; 1864-1920; alienation; creative destruction; double movement; iron cage

Au-delà d'une certaine lecture standard DE La Grande Transformation - Plociniczak, Sébastien (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
Whereas a largely conveyed standard reading of The Great Transformation lets one think that Karl Polanyi establishes the effective birth certificate of a self-regulated market at the nineteenth century in the West, this text suggests that The Great Transformation makes Polanyi the author of a criticism of the theoretical fiction of the self-regulated market, and the historian of this acting fiction which directs individual behaviors and transforms in-depth the Western societies of the nineteenth century.
Economics
Keywords: Great Transformation; The (Book); great transformation; reinterpretation

Linking Political Economic Projects and Pension Systems in Europe: A Comparison of the Role of Occupational Pension Funds as Investment Actors in Three European Countries - Roumpakis, Antonios (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2007)
The paper explores the relation of different political economic projects and the development of pensions as a social right in three countries: Sweden, Germany and United Kingdom. It comprises three parts. The first part provides the conceptual framework, which combines a Polanyian perspective for the social embeddedness of markets with a three dimensional power theoretical approach in order to analyse modes of governance as practices of socio-economic regulation. The second part identifies the link between the macro-level of analysis i.e. different political economy logics and modes of governance and the meso-level of analysis i.e. the institutional paths that these countries have followed in developing their pensions systems and what used to be and currently is the role of occupational pension funds in them. This type of funds offers a prime example of how institutions that originally developed within a logic of social rights have now become actors in the economy. The decision-making of this new actor is however depended on the power relations between labour and capital in each country. The third part of the paper continues to show how the institutional paths have departed from their national spatio-temporal fix and have been re-embedded in the market-economy rationale of the neo-liberal project. The paper identifies a trend towards the ?equitisation? of pension funds as part of a broader process of marketisation of pensions as social right. The significance of the investment decision for pension occupational funds becomes crucial since funds are becoming major actors in the economic field. Their investment decision depends much on power relations between labour and capital ranging for example from social development (public houses, creation of jobs in the national environment) to the creation of profits through domestic and foreign financial markets. The paper concludes that pension occupational funds are re-embedded in a framework of choices, dominated increasingly more from the market economy rationale and the neo-liberal political project. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Political Science
Keywords: Germany; Great Britain; Sweden; capital; decision making; pensions; political economic analysis

Beyond the boycott: labor rights, human rights, and transnational activism - Seidman, G. (Russell Sage Foundation, 2007)
Sociology
Keywords: business & economics - international; business & economics / business ethics; law / labor & employment; political science / human rights; political science / labor & industrial relations; political science / labour & industrial relations; social science - developing and emerging countries; social science / sociology / general

Redistribution and Markets in the Economy of Ancient Mesopotamia: Updating Polanyi - Silver, Morris (Antiguo Oriente, 2007)
Economics
Keywords: capital formation; damkar/tamkaru; demand/supply curve; equivalence; redistribution

Karl Polanyi, Viviana Zelizer et la relation marchés-société - Steiner, Philippe (Revue du MAUSS, 2007)
After a brief study on the place given to Polanyi’s thought in contemporary economic sociology, the paper examines Zelizer’s works on money and her opposition to Polanyi’s thesis on embeddedness, grounded on the symetry between markets and social life.
Sociology
Keywords: ZELIZER; Viviana; embeddedness

Society Must Be Protected - Turner, Mandy (Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 2007)
The multiple ways in which multinational corporations, financial and commodity markets and global trade feed into today's civil wars have recently become a key policy concern of the international community. Over the past five years, a number of initiatives have been launched, aimed at controlling the trade in conflict goods, ensuring good resource governance, advocating corporate social responsibility and promoting conflict-sensitive business practices. This article assesses these initiatives through the lens of Karl Polanyi's conception of the 'double movement', i.e. that capitalism automatically provokes protectionist impulses. It assesses the spaces created by neoliberal globalisation for illicit economic activity and conflict entrepreneurs, the relationship between the economy and conflict, and initiatives aimed at reducing conflict 'triggers'. It concludes that, in addition to the tension between commodification and social protection, there is another tension at work: between those who call for tough mandatory policies and those who promote best-practice guidelines.
Peace Studies; Business Studies
Keywords: Polanyi; business and conflict; capital market; commodification; corporate social responsibility; corruption; international business enterprises; international trade; protectionism; sanctions; social protection; social responsibility of business

Globalization and Contestation: The New Great Counter-Movement - Munck, Head of Civic Engagement Dublin City University and Visiting Professor of Development Studies University of Liverpool and St Mary's University Nova Scotia Ronaldo; Munck, Ronaldo (Routledge, 2006)
Globalization is undoubtedly the great overarching paradigm of our era. However, there is still little agreement on what globalization actually ‘is’ and some do not accept that it ‘is’ anything at all. This new book addresses the contestation of globalization by the anti- or counter-globalization movement. To contest means to challenge, to call into question, to doubt, to oppose and to litigate. This study shows how globalization is ‘contestable’ in many different ways and how the counter-movements we have seen emerging over the last decade also ‘bear witness’ on behalf of an alternative human future. Ronaldo Munck presents an overarching framework that allows us to understand how globalization and its contestation are inextricably bound up with one another. This volume insightfully explores a number of case studies, including: the battle of Seattle in 1999 the World Social Forum peasant internationalism environmental movements and reactionary movements including: the US Patriot's movement, Islamic fundamentalist movements and other nationalist movements. Globalization and Contestation will be of great interest to all students and scholars of international relations, politics and of globalization and global governance in particular.
Political Science; History
Keywords: countermovement; globalization; political economy; political science

Time–space intensification: Karl Polanyi, the double movement, and global informational capitalism - Ó Riain, Seán (Theory and Society, 2006)
This article advances the concept of “time–space intensification” as an alternative to existing notions of time–space distanciation, compression and embedding that attempt to capture the restructuring of time and space in contemporary advanced capitalism. This concept suggests time and space are intensified in the contemporary period – the social experience of time and space becomes more explicit and more crucial to socio-economic actors’ lives, time and space are mobilized more explicitly in individual and corporate action, and the institutionalization of time and space becomes more politicized. Drawing on Polanyi’s concepts of fictitious commodities and the double movement, and developing them through an analysis of work organization and economic development in the Irish software industry, the article argues that the concept of time–space intensification can add significantly to our understanding of key features of the restructuring of the temporal and spatial basis of economic development and work organization.
Sociology
Keywords: capitalism; double movement; fictitious commodities; social theory; time-space intensification

Understanding Global Capitalism: Passive Revolution and Double Movement in the Era of Globalization - Xing, Li; Hersh, Jacques (American Review of Political Economy, 2006)
This paper attempts to provide a framework for understanding the way globalization has reshaped the terrain and parameters of social, economic and political relations both at the national and global levels, and exerted pressure on the resiliency capacities of capitalism. It proposes to examine the ways social relations of domination and subordination are produced, reproduced and maintained while continuously undergoing transformations. Through conceptualizing the evolution of the capitalist world order in a historical perspective and by exploring the changes of relations brought about by the intensification of globalization since the 1990s, the objective is to generate a perspective for understanding such a process based on the application of Gramscian and Polanyian theoretical and analytical categories. The conclusion aims to convey that the process is contingent on both structures and agencies and it also produces the opposite result: i.e. reducing the legitimacy of capitalism's hegemony and especially limiting its resilient capacities.
Political Science
Keywords: capitalism; capitalist systems: political economy; colonialism; double movement; globalization; imperialism; international economic order; postcolonialism

Theorising globalisation's social impact: proposing the concept of vulnerability - Kirby, Peadar (Review of International Political Economy, 2006)
The concept of vulnerability was introduced into IR theorising by Keohane and Nye who saw it as one of the consequences of complex interdependence and it is being increasingly employed by IGOs to capture the impact of globalisation on society. However, the concept has been little used in the academic literature on globalisation, except in a descriptive sense. This article argues that the concept has the potential to fill a gap in the toolkit of the ‘new’ IPE, offering an analytical category that can capture the distinctive impact of globalisation on society more adequately than other concepts that are more widely used. The article begins by surveying how the concept has been used by Keohane and Nye and by IGOs. It then offers a definition and illustrates the application of the concept by describing some of the principal ways in which globalisation is increasing risk and eroding coping mechanisms. It goes on to argue that the concept of vulnerability captures in a fuller way the distinctive social impact of globalisation than do other concepts widely used in the IPE literature, examining in turn the limitations of the concepts of poverty/inequality, risk and insecurity. Finally, the article situates the concept of vulnerability within the social theory of Karl Polanyi, arguing that it expresses in the conditions of today's globalisation the threats to human livelihood from the inroads of the market that are widely referred to by scholars within the ‘new’ IPE, capturing better than do other concepts the key features of these threats as seen by Polanyi. The article concludes by proposing the concept of vulnerability as a core conceptual category for IPE scholars that offers the potential for the disciplinary field to generate more original insights into the social impacts of the political economy processes to the understanding of which it has made such a major contribution.
Political Science
Keywords: economics; globalisation; globalization; human security; industrial revolution; inequality; interdependence; international political economy; international relations; poverty; social impact; social problems; vulnerability

Towards a Polanyian Perspective on Fair Trade: Market-based Relationships and the Act of Ethical Consumption - Watson, Matthew (Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations, 2006)
Fair trade requires that developed country consumers engage in market-based transactions with developing country producers. Yet this is not market trade in any straightforward sense, because the purchase of fairly traded products brings consumers into two market relationships at the same time. One is the market relationship through which consumers buy the product itself, which enables them to act altruistically by consciously paying the price premium that the producer receives. The other is the market relationship through which consumers buy the socially reputable knowledge of having helped a distant stranger, which enables them to harness their ostensibly ethical consumption to a knowingly self-interested action. This latter relationship adds a new dimension to orthodox commodity fetishism. A Polanyian perspective is developed to investigate the way in which fair trade reworks the commodity fetish. This serves as a prelude to an extended discussion of the moral status of the behavioural motivations that underpin fair trade consumption.
Political Science; International Relations
Keywords: commodity fetishism; comparative studies; economic consumption & ethics; globalization; international trade; relationship marketing; unfair competition

Beyond Globalization: Capitalism, Territoriality and the International Relations of Modernity - Lacher, Hannes (Routledge, 2006)
Hannes Lacher presents a new critical social theory of international relations that integrates sociology, history and political geography to understand the formation and development of modern international relations. Far from implying a return to state-centrist Realism, this essential new volume leads us towards a critical social theory of international relations that questions the prevailing conceptions of the modern international political economy as a collection of nationally bounded spaces more fundamentally than ever before. It also shows us that capitalist modernity itself was, from the beginning, characterized by the dualism of global economic integration and the fragmentation of political space, which actually stems from the divergent origins of capitalism and territorial sovereignty. This book will be of great interest to al students of historical sociology, political geography, international relations and political science.
Political Science
Keywords: international political economy; international relations

On markets and morality: Revisiting Fred Hirsch - Carvalho, Luís Francisco; Rodrigues, João (Review of Social Economy, 2006)
This article argues for the continuing relevance of Fred Hirsch's The Social Limits to Growth (1976), valued as a critical analysis of the consequences of markets on the moral fabric of society. Two concepts that are fundamental to Hirsch—the commercialization bias and the depleting moral legacy—will be scrutinised. We further claim that this book, by emphasizing the tendency to market expansion and the corresponding commodification of increasing spheres of social life, while simultaneously acknowledging its adverse consequences on the motivational appeal of social and moral norms, offers insights that justify revisiting it.
Economics
Keywords: HIRSCH; Fred; double movement; markets; morality; neoliberalism; second great transformation; social economy

Globalization and contestation: A Polanyian problematic - Munck, Ronaldo (Globalizations, 2006)
The Polanyian problematic presents us with a unified, complex, and dialectical means to interpret globalization and its social contestation by diverse social and political forces. For Karl Polanyi (1886–1964), globalization as we know it would probably be conceived of as an extension of the ‘one big self-regulating market’ he discerned in his day, while his belief that ‘simultaneously a counter-movement was afoot’ provides an interpretative lens to examine the various facets of the counter-globalization movement. The Polanyian problematic of modern history as a ‘double movement’, whereby market expansion and social protection respectively lead phases, provides a useful antidote to all forms of economic reductionism when dealing with globalization on the one hand and political voluntarism with regard to contestation on the other. Basically, globalization is a human construct, and it can thus be deconstructed by society.
Sociology; Political Science
Keywords: Polanyi problem; countermovement; globalization

Economia di mercato e legame sociale: verso nuovi equilibri? - Scidà, Giuseppe (Market economy and social link: towards a new equilibrium?, 2006)
In its first part (§ 2-4), the essay presents an outline of market economy in a globalization era, highlighting its marked changes and the wide fields of its questionable nature. In the second part, some discontinuity features came out in the last decades are shown (§ 5). They are particularly referred to critical analysis and alternative experiences springing up from below, (i.e. associations, groups, movements of the civil society) and meeting in a common attempt of getting economy and people's life with all their social link close again. Afterwards (§ 6- 7), it's stressed as similar concerns can also be found in the very theories by the founder of economic discipline, Adam Smith, and somehow in the works expressing some of the most alternative positions as Karl Polanyi's. Finally (§ 8) it's presented the notion of social capital that is the subject of the present issue of Sociologia del Lavoro. Though arising a lively critical debate, potentially the notion seems to open some new scenarios in the social science in pursuit of a new equilibrium between market economy and social link.
Sociology
Keywords: POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; SMITH; Adam; 1723-1790; civil society; globalization; international markets; international relations; interpersonal relations; market economy; social integration; social sciences

The Dialectics of Design - Jenkins, Barbara (Space & Culture, 2006)
The popularity of deconstructivist architecture around the world has invited controversy over the sensationalist design of these buildings. New urbanists, in particular, have criticized decon architecture as alienating and disorienting. From a historical perspective, this opposition between deconstructivists and new urbanists is the latest in a long line of debates over what constitutes "good design." Using a political-economy approach based on the work of Karl Polanyi, this article examines a centuries-long dialectic in design ideology between those who seek to embed design in social mores and those who attempt to "disembed" it from oppressive discourses. This analysis shows that the dialectic of design movements is intintately connected to the development of capitalist markets.
Architecture; Political Science
Keywords: capitalism; cities & towns; cultural studies; deconstructivism; deconstructivism (architecture); dialectic; disembeddedness; embeddedness; good design; modern architecture - 20th century; new urbanism; political economy

Between Aristotle and the Welfare State: The Establishment, Enforcement, and Transformation of the Moral Economy in Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation - Akturk, Sener (Theoria: A Journal of Social & Political Theory, 2006)
The article examines the transformation of the moral economy in the book "The Great Transformation," by Karl Polyani. Polyani's work has been criticized for having an anti-democratic, Aristotelian, and aristocratic undertones. However, the author claimed that it has been misinterpreted and a communitarian-liberal debate has been brought to clarify the nature of moral economy.
Political Science
Keywords: Great Transformation; The (Book); criticism; democracy; economic policy

The Role of Consensus and Social Homogeneity in the Process of Building Capitalism in Post-communist Countries - Bieliński, Jacek (KONSENS I JEDNORODNOŚĆ SPOŁECZNA W PROCESIE BUDOWANIA KAPITALIZMU W KRAJACH POSTKOMUNISTYCZNYCH., 2006)
The focus of this article is on interpretation of progress of post-communist transformations. Classical approaches, particularly those of Max Weber and Karl Polanyi, rather than modern ones are used as basis for the empirical analysis. I argue that the success of capitalist project, both now and in the past, stems from the ability to work out a general consensus about the preceding economic order. I also claim that ethnic homogeneity can be a favorable factor for the post-communist transformation, especially in its initial phase. Moreover, unlike in fully developed market systems which are more stable and socially diverse, the success of market reforms in post-communist countries negatively correlates with their diversification. One of the main goals of this analysis is to describe empirically what this consensus refers to. Survey research shows that market reforms in former socialist block run more smoothly if the level of social consensus about key values, not necessarily liberal, is high. I analyzed values and attitudes defining the consensus and also the degree of their popularity among economic elites and non-elites. Data used in the analysis comes from the first edition of European Social Survey. (English)
Sociology
Keywords: WEBER; Max; 1864-1920; capitalism; economic sociology; elite; jednorodność; konsens społeczny; markets; post-communism; post-communist transformations; postcommunism; postcommunist societies; social consensus; social homogeneity; socjologia ekonomiczna; społeczna; transformacja postkomunistyczna

The Relationship between Economics and Sociology: The Contribution of Economic Sociology, Setting out from the Problem of Embeddedness - Rizza, Roberto (International Review of Sociology, 2006)
s essay aims to analyse the most recent acquisitions in economic sociology, setting out from the problem of embeddedness. Firstly, the contribution offered by Mark Granovetter shall be illustrated, demonstrating how the interpretation proposed by this scholar is concentrated on a structural-relational perspective that tends to trace the explanation of economic phenomena to a theory of social networks. In order to enrich and integrate this approach, the contribution offered by the new-institutionalist perspective in contemporary economic sociology will be emphasised, which has focused on the social construction of economic institutions. This current has underlined, on the one hand, the cognitive dimension of embeddedness, related to the way in which the uniformities structured by mental processes limit economic reasoning, and, on the other, the cultural dimension of embeddedness, concerning the role of collectively shared representations in the formation of economic goals. It will be concluded by illustrating the acquisitions of some theoretical perspectives linked to the polanyian tradition that have developed a 'plural' conception of economy, founded on the emphasis of socio-regulative principles, such as those of exchange, redistribution and reciprocity, which, in becoming hybrid, give shape to variable and historically anchored economic worlds. The concept of embeddedness roots historically and transmits a vision of economic processes as inseparable from noneconomic institutions
Sociology
Keywords: GRANOVETTER; Mark; economic research; economic sociology; embeddedness; industrial management; social sciences; socioeconomic factors; socioeconomics

Keynes and Polanyi: the 1920s and the 1990s - Polanyi Levitt, Kari (Review of International Political Economy, 2006)
Political Science
Keywords: KEYNES; John Maynard; 1883-1946; international political economy

Karl Polanyi on the Limitations of Formalism in Economics - Stanfield, James Ronald; Carroll, Michael C.; Wrenn, Mary V. (Choice in Economic Contexts, 2006)
This chapter examines Karl Polanyi's critique of formalism in economics and his case for a more institutional economics based upon a reconstitution of the facts of economic life on as wide an historical basis as possible. The argument below reviews Polanyi's argument with regard to the relation between economic anthropology and comparative economics, the contrast between the formalist and substantive approaches to economic analysis, the notion of an economistic fallacy, the most important limitations of the conventional formalist economics approach, and the nature and import of the new departure that Polanyi envisioned. James Ronald Stanfield, Michael C. Carroll, Mary V. Wrenn (2006), Karl Polanyi on the Limitations of Formalism in Economics, in Donald C. Wood (ed.) Choice in Economic Contexts (Research in Economic Anthropology, Volume 25) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.241 - 266
Economics; Anthropology
Keywords: economic anthropology; formalism

L'utopie de l'économie de la connaissance - Azam, Geneviève (Problèmes économiques n. 2901, 2006)
"L'expression "économie de la connaissance" a, en ce début du XXIe siècle définitivement remplacé celle, très en vogue à la fin des années 1990, de "nouvelle économie". Les sociétés les plus avancées auraient désormais atteint un nouveau stade du développement économique dont la connaissance serait le facteur essentiel. Cette idée laisse supposer que jusque-là, celle-ci ne jouait qu'un rôle secondaire dans le processus productif. L'auteur se propose d'expliquer le sens et les implications que ce nouveau statut confère au savoir et à la recherche. Pour mieux comprendre ce qui est à l'oeuvre avec l'invention d'une "économie de la connaissance", elle analyse tout d'abord, à travers l'évolution récente des droits de propriété intellectuelle, les conditions de la transformation de la connaissance en bien économique. S'appuyant sur les travaux de Karl Polanyi, à propos des "quasi-marchandises", l'auteur montre ensuite qu'en réalité celle-ci est une marchandise "fictive" et que la tentative actuelle de lui assigner un rôle instrumental constitue pour elle-même une grave menace." ENG: Building on the work of theKarl Polanyi , on the subject of "quasi-merchandise", the author then shows that, in reality, the latter is a "fictitious" commodity and that the current attempt to assign to it an instrumental role constitutes for itself a serious threat
Economics
Keywords: Lisbon Strategy; biodiversity; economic property; economy of knowledge; ethics; evaluation; intangible assets; intellectual property; patents

Karl Polanyi et les monnaies modernes : un réexamen - Blanc, Jérôme (Contributions à une sociologie des conduites économiques, 2006)
Karl Polanyi a établi une célèbre distinction entre "all purpose money", caractéristiques des sociétés modernes, et "special purpose money", caractéristiques des sociétés anciennes. C'est la conception polanyienne des monnaies modernes qui est critiquée dans ce texte : non seulement elle conduit à considérer que les sociétés modernes ne connaissent pas de "special purpose money", mais en plus elle ne permet pas de renouveler la conception courante de la monnaie (sous-entendu moderne) qui en fait un moyen de paiement universel. ENG translation: Karl Polanyi has established a famous distinction between "all purpose money" characteristic of modern societies, and "special purpose money", characteristic of ancient societies. It is the Polish conception of modern currencies that is criticized in this text: not only does it lead to the view that modern societies do not know a "special purpose money", but also does not allow to renew the current conception of Currency (modern underlining) which makes it a universal means of payment.
Sociology
Keywords: Monnaie moderne. Pratiques monétaires. Polanyi. Monnaies parallèles. Fongibilité. Cloisonnements.; boundaries; fungibility; modern money; monetary uses; parallel currencies

What's Left in the City? What's Right in the Hinterland?: Urban Political Economy in Contemporary Latin America - Goldfrank, Benjamin; Schrank, Andrew (Conference Papers – American Political Science Association, 2006)
This paper accounts for the initial divergence and subsequent convergence of two types of urban political economy-neoliberal and socialist-in late twentieth and early twenty first century Latin America. Part 1 identifies the ideological differences between the two types of city as well as their implications for public policy. While neoliberal cities prioritize accumulation, and therefore use tax breaks, regulatory rollbacks, and the repression of organized labor to attract and retain foreign direct investment, their socialist rivals prioritize distribution, and therefore use social funds,microcredit arrangements, and participatory institutions to employ and empower their citizens. Part 2 treats the emergence of municipal neoliberalism as a secondary city or hinterland reaction to the growth of urban primacy or bias in the 1960s and 1970s. While industrial interests in population centers like Mexico City and São Paulo reaped the rewards of import-substituting industrialization, and therefore organized to defend their gains, their agro-commercial rivals paid a high price for tariffs and foreign exchange controls, and therefore deployed free trade zones (and similar incentives) in places like Chihuahua and Salvador to offset or compensate for the growth of urban primacy. Part 3 traces the origins of municipal socialism to the breakdown of ISI and the accompanying debt crisis in the late twentieth century. While neoliberal municipalities had already embraced the world market, and therefore welcomed structural adjustment at the national level, their socialist rivals feared globalization, and responded with a variety of compensatory measures of their own designed to increase the "social wage" not only in Mexico City and São Paulo but in other major cities like Caracas, Montevideo, and Lima. And, finally, Part 4 concludes by offering a Polanyian interpretation of the seemingly odd convergence of neoliberal and socialist municipalities today-suggesting that, whatever their ideological preferences, municipal authorities must balance accumulation with distribution if they are to survive and prosper in a globalized world. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Political Science
Keywords: EPZ; Latin America; Latin America - politics & government; cities & towns; foreign investments; local politics; neoliberalism; participatory budgeting; political planning; socialism

The state we are in: insights from autopoiesis and complexity theory - Gregory, Amanda (Management Decision, 2006)
Purpose - Following Polanyi, this paper aims to suggest that the Industrial Revolution marked a break-point between pre-industrial society (characterised by integration) and industrial society (characterised by differentiation). Design/methodology/approach - As a conceptual paper, the focus is on drawing out the implications of Luhmann's application of the theory of autopoiesis to industrial society. This discussion leads to critical reflection on the state we are in and the active role we can each play in bringing about change. Findings - Differentiation, without an overall co-ordination and control function within society, has led to the sub-systems (and organisations) becoming self-serving or pathologically autopoietic. Society has a capacity for self-observation, through such mediums as the mass media. Alarm at the apparent increasing rate of change in both social and ecological systems reported by the mass media appears to be drawing us towards a second break-point. The outcome of this revolution, should it come about, is impossible to predict but descent into a new "dark age" is an option as is the re-integration of economic activity with social, religious and political functions. Luhmann's autopoiesis provides a convincing explanation for how society is structured and observing the implications of this. The role of the mass media as an observing system and in bringing information about change to society's attention is emphasised. Practical implications - The paper seeks to provide an explanation for how society is structured and demonstrate how society appears to be passively observing the implications of this. Proposals for both restructuring and the actions we, as active citizens and organisational members, can take to redress our current state are advanced. Originality/value - The paper brings together ideas from a diverse range of fields (including autopoiesis, complexity theory, and systems) and applies them to a highly significant topic.
Business; Systems Studies
Keywords: autopoiesis; complexity theory; economic history; industrial revolution; mass media; social history; social systems

Vulnerability and violence: the impact of globalisation - Kirby, Peadar (Pluto, 2006)
'Vulnerability' is now a key term in globalisation studies. It is used to describe how globalisation impacts on individual security, local communities and even global flows of trade, finance and investment. Yet there has been little attempt to interrogate the term and what it is trying to express about globalisation.Peadar Kirby examines what is really meant by 'vulnerability' and links it to new forms of violence that have resulted from decreased security and social cohesion. He argues that vulnerability and violence are characteristic features of a new world order dominated by neoliberal globalisation. Illustrating his argument with a wealth of examples taken from all over the world – from the sudden collapse of the middle class in Argentina to increased levels of poverty internationally – he offers a robust theoretical grounding that will be of use to anyone studying vulnerability and violence and their relation to contemporary globalisation.
Political Science
Keywords: globalization; globalization - economic aspects; globalization - social aspects; international security; national security; political freedom & security; violence; violence in society

Editor's Letter - Lomnitz, Claudio (Public Culture, 2006)
This article previews this edition of "Public Culture" and focuses on Karl Polanyi's theories on capitalism. Polanyi believed in trade liberalization and felt that market regulation is the principal obstacle to collective prosperity. He thought that unregulated markets could bring an end to poverty, and would resolve the chronic dislocation, inequality, and vulnerability that have marked capitalism from its inception. Polanyi demonstrated that market liberalization was only achieved through concerted state intervention.
Anthropology
Keywords: capitalism; free trade; intervention (federal government); poverty; public culture (periodical)

Is There an Opportunity to Establish the Social-Capitalism in the Post Socialist Transition? - Losonc, Alpar (Panoeconomicus, 2006)
Recently Claus Offe has put the question that concerns the fate of the European model of social capitalism: can the model of social capitalism survive the European integration in the context of certain contemporary tendencies? Offe has presupposed that the mentioned model is challenged by the processes of globalisation and the integration of the post socialist countries into the European Union. The working hypothesis of the article is that there is an opportunity to provide a coherent answer to this question. The article consists of two parts. In the first part the author starts with the Polanyi's socio-economic theory and emphasises the importance of this approach for the analysing of the tendencies of capitalism in Western Europe and in the post socialist countries. The author argues that with the Polanyi's theory we are able to explicate the forms of the embedded liberalism in Western Europe after 1945 and the orientation of non-embedded neo-liberalism and the functioning of the workfare state after the crisis of the Keynesian welfare state. Despite the tendencies of the globalisation projected by neo-liberalism, the central element of the social capitalism, namely, the welfare state, remains with the dimensions of the continuity. In the next part the author points out that there is an asymmetrical structure between the Western-Europe and non-Western part of Europe concerning the socialisation of capitalism. The neoliberalisation in accordance with the model of the transfer of ideal-type of capitalism is more strongly implemented in the countries of transition. In addition, the mentioned theoretical approach provides opportunities to explain the failures of implementing of neo-liberalism in the post socialist countries. On the basis of the endorsing of the socio-economic aspects we can address the issue pointed out by Offe.
Economics
Keywords: consumer economics; education and training; health; poverty; property rights; provision and effects of welfare programs; social security and public pensions; socialist institutions and their transitions; socialist systems and transitional economies: political economy; welfare; well-being; and poverty: government programs

Commercialisation, inequality and the limits to transition in health care: a Polanyian framework for policy analysis - Mackintosh, Maureen (Journal of International Development, 2006)
The effects of commercialised health care in embedding, exacerbating and legitimating social and economic inequality are at the root of widespread and recurrent resistance to commercialisation in health. In low income developing countries suffering generalised poverty, and notably in Sub-Saharan Africa, liberalisation of largely unregulated clinical provision has created a substantially informalised, fee-for-service primary health sector which is exclusionary, low quality and under stress. This article argues against a policy assumption that health systems constitute a sector that can benefit like other commodities from liberalisation. Health care is better understood as a ‘fictional commodity’ in the Polanyian sense: inappropriate for full commodification, producing intensely perverse effects when provided on competitive markets, and therefore requiring planning and social constraint. If managed effectively, integrated health systems—like redistributive land reform and effective labour protection—can support a broader economic transition that avoids extremes of inequality; conversely if treated simply as a transitional sector, health systems can make exclusion and inequality much worse. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economics; Political Science
Keywords: Africa; Sub-Saharan; economic structure; equality; health care reform; liberalism; medical care; medical policy

Governing the Market: The "Political" and the "Economic" in the Restructuring of the "Third World" - Makki, Fouad (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2006)
My intention in this paper is to rethink the central contentions of "Globalization Theory" with respect to the relationship of the "state" to the "economy." I will do so via a consideration of recent discussions of the formation of the modern states system within the discipline of International Relations, and Karl Polanyi?s suggestive notion of the "double movement" presently enjoying a revival in sociological studies of the conjuncture of the 1990s. The paper concludes with reflections on how these critical reflections might make it possible to gain a betterappreciation of the current neoliberal restructuring of the erstwhile "Third World." PAT.-Conference Proceeding
Political Science; Sociology
Keywords: economic structure; economics; globalization; international markets; international trade

Food Sovereignty vs. the Corporate Food Regime - McMichael, Philip (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2006)
In the twenty-first century, the Polanyian trinity of fictitiouscommodities (land, labor and money) cannot be realised through thetwentieth-century double movement. The regulation of money is no longervested in the state per se, but in instrumentalities such as the IMF, whosetask has become a generalized imperative to reproduce (corporate) moneythrough expending labor and land across the world with decreasing regardfor their sustainability. The construction of a 'world agriculture,'deepening the instrumental use, misuse, and abandonment of natural andsocial resources, unfolds within this general imperative. This paper arguesthat the world-wide food sovereignty movement is the most direct symptom ofthis socio-ecological crisis, embodying a diversity of responsescorresponding to the re-spatialization of social and economic relations inthe corporate food regime. As an expression of the corporate food regime,it reveals both the immanent, and the historical, conditions governing thepolitics of capitalist development under the neo-liberal project. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding
Political Science
Keywords: commercial products; economic policy; international economic assistance; international economic relations; international studies; sovereignty

The Poverty of the Global Order: Limits of the North/South Division - Mohan, Dia; McMichael, Philip (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2006)
Development in the global order is represented in economically reductionist, and in impoverished, terms. The latter refers to the global reproduction of material inequality through the progressive appropriation of alternative visions of development. We argue that the legitimacy of the global order, while represented in terms of 'economic progress,' depends on the progressive naturalization of its epistemological foundations. Here, solutions to the crisis of development become methods of social control through which the dominant visions of what count as viable futures are reproduced and regulated. We critique efforts to humanise development (eg, World Bank, Amartya Sen) as evidence of developmentalism's epistemological crisis. Karl Polanyi's distinction between 'formal' and 'substantive' economy allows us to transcend the reductionism of the scarcity paradigm and revalue difference as the foundation of equality. We consider examples of substantive economy, which realise equality through strategic sovereignty and representational power, in collective and individual terms. Among other such initiatives these represent practical and epistemological 'spaces of hope' for critique of the crisis of the market epistemology that infects both development studies and international studies. Present divisions of the world must be understood as the impoverished outcomes of a market epistemology's construction and development of inequality. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding
Political Science; International Studies
Keywords: economic development; international organization; international relations; reductionism; social control

An institutionalist perspective on the future of the capitalist world-economy - Özçelik, Emre; Özveren, Eyüp (Journal of Economic Issues, 2006)
The term world-economy in our title must have already given a hint to the careful reader of our purpose in writing this paper: We intend to bridge institutional economics with world-systems analysis in order to enhance the global applicability of the former. World-economy is a term used by Fernand Braudel and Immanuel Wallerstein and means a space defined by the existence of a single division of labor (coexistent with multiple States) whereas world economy would indicate the arithmetic summation of national economies each of which ... In this paper, we elaborate Polanyi's concept of embeddedness so as to construct an institutionalist framework to understand the contemporary world-economy. We contend that embeddedness can be deployed to analyze the so-called "global governance model" (GGM) as the most recent liberal recipe.
Economics
Keywords: embeddedness; global governance model; world-economy

Karl Polanyi in Vienna: The Contemporary Significance of The Great Transformation - Polanyi Levitt, Kari; McRobbie, Kenneth (Black Rose Books, 2006)
Karl Polanyi’s belief that the greatest threat to freedom was a poorly administered economy led him to an economics that was more existential and human-centered. Part I of this book develops Polanyi’s thinking for its significance today through a selection of papers on re-reading his major work entitled The Great Transformation. Part II looks at the life and work of Ilona Duczynska (Polanyi’s wife), political activist, writer and translator and important influence over Karl and his work. Kenneth McRobbie, a poet and historian who teaches at the University of British Columbia, is the editor of Humanity, Society and Commitment. Kari Polanyi Levitt, emeritus professor at McGill University, is the editor of The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi.
History; Political Science
Keywords: autobiography; biography; business & economics

The Dark Side of Embeddeness: The Construction of Economic space and Prestige in Italy 1896-1907 - Polillo, Simone (2006)
The creation of a national economic space is the necessary structural condition for the unfolding of the "self-protective" measures of society that Polanyi analyzed for the post-WWI period, and that he saw as more generally arising in response to free market policies. A national economic space is itself the product of specific institutional arrangements, in particular the state agencies that allow the state to centralize the monetary system in its own hands: in the modern period, these have been central banks. By analyzing a longitudinal sample of the minutes of the meetings of the governing body of the Bank of Italy in its crucial transitional period at the turn of the century (1896-1907), this paper attempts to trace the historical process by which the Italian economy came to be understood as a national space. It shows that the creation of an area of economic prestige measured by the technical success of the central bank and the strength of its relationship with the Treasury was a crucial achievement of the liberal state. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Sociology
Keywords: Italy; World War I; banking industry; central bank; embeddedness; manuscripts; monetary policy; money; saving and investment; self-protective measures; state

Lavoro e società industriale. Da Adam Smith a Karl Polanyi - Rosa, Michele La; Rizza, Roberto; Zurla, Paolo (FrancoAngeli, 2006)
KM translate: The volume aims to provide a contribution to the knowledge of the ways of birth and consolidation of the sociological discourse on the economy, at work and their transformations connected to the process of industrialization. The goal, mainly educational, is pursued through the analysis of the contributions that Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Joseph Schumpeter, Karl Polanyi, Frederick Taylor and Elton Mayo have offered in this regard. The treatment of these authors, whose total or partial belonging to the sociological context is out of the question, was preceded by a brief analysis of others such as Adam Smith, Charles Babbage and Andrew Ure who, although not strictly belonging to this disciplinary area,
Economics; Sociology
Keywords: DURKHEIM; Emile; MARX; Karl; 1818-1883; SMITH; Adam; 1723-1790; business & economics - labor; economic sociology; industrial revolution; industrialization; sociology of work

The Market, Mind and Rationality. From Vienna to Paris and Back - Rotstein, Abraham (Revue européenne des sciences sociales, 2006)
The mention of the great city of Vienna conjures up the many legacies of music, art and philosophy which it nurtured. But as important as any of these is the more prosaic legacy of the Austrian economists ranging from C. Menger to F. von Hayek. And for some, Vienna may conjure up as well, the debate that K. Polanyi had with these economists in the 1920s. However paradoxical it may seem, it was by virtue of this debate, carried on directly and indirectly over a lifetime, that Polanyi was first and foremost an Austrian, or rather an Austrian «in mirror image ». This was true not only by virtue of the years of his life and his work in Vienna, but more so because he was drawn into and remained a protagonist in the debate around the fundamental issues first raised by the Austrian economists. Menger and his followers E. von Bohm-Bawerk, and L. von Mises had established and diligently pursued much of the agenda of the debate. F. von Hayek was the important representative of this school in recent decades. The particular topic launched by von Mises in 1920 was whether a socialist economy was at all viable without the direction provided by market prices. Regulated or administered prices were bound to lead to economic confusion and the misallocation of resources he maintained.
Economics
Keywords: HAYEK; Friedrich A. von (Friedrich August); 1899-1992; MISES; Ludwig von; history of economic thought; regulation; socialist economy

Retelling the Great Transformation - Steinberg, Marc (2006)
In this paper I partly retell Polanyi's narrative of the industrial revolution found in his Great Transformation. I discuss how new labor laws consolidated in the 19th century created a legal structure of coerced contractual labor, that did not fit the ideals of free market economics. My retelling focuses on how capitalists in some industries relied on legal coercion of their workers as a means of discipline and labor process control. Through this retelling I demonstrate that Polanyi was still beholden to neo-classical economics in his historical account, errantly seeing the rise of a free market in labor with the Poor Law reforms of 1834 when in fact no such freedom existed. Therefore, he could not provide a fully-fledged institutional analysis of economic embeddedness that lies at the core of his theory. To realize a fully-developed institutional analysis I argue that we need to bring class conflict back into the narrative of institutional change through an analysis of legality and its transformation. I partly map out the outlines of a revised institutional analysis that places emphasis on the spatial organization of power, with 'stateness' conceptualized as a variable in which political power (and more especially authority) is scrutinized as historically accreted institutional structures. I also emphasize the historically specific role of the 'local state' in this narrative. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript
Sociology
Keywords: capitalists & financiers; criminal procedure; industrial laws & legislation; industrial relations; institutional embeddedness; labor laws & legislation; labour laws & legislation; law; quality control

Globalization and Declining Welfare State: The Case of Social Insurance in Turkey - Yasar, Yavuz (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2006)
The norm has been rapidly moving from the managed markets under the welfare state back to self-regulating market with the rise of contemporary version of globalization. Today?s globalization is characterized by neoliberal economic policies such as privatization, deregulation, and limited government intervention–despite the growth of government–in open economies. In such an environment, social insurance, one of the defining characteristics of the welfare state, has become a great fiscal burden and not surprisingly on the neoliberal agenda of the institutions of global order such as IMF and the World Bank lately. Solutions required by the neoliberal agenda involve privatization and deregulation of social insurance systems especially in developing countries such as Turkey. Despite the fact that the welfare state played a significant role between 1960 and 1980, social insurance has become one of the few safety nets left for many since the beginning of neoliberal policies in Turkey. Now with the increasing pressure from IMF, Turkish government has been actively working on market oriented solutions for financing health insurance, social security and pensions. However, this trend undermining social insurance jeopardizes at least two, if not more, important issues: sovereignty of the state and future of welfare state as an insurance against the unwanted consequences of self-regulating markets. These two issues are investigated and alternative social policy measures are evaluated in the context of Karl Polanyi?s theory of ?double movement.? ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding
Political Science
Keywords: deregulation; economic policy; economics; globalization; privatization; welfare state

Human Freedom and the 'Reality of Society': Origins and Development of Karl Polanyi's Ideas during the Interwar Period - Thomasberger, Claus (History of Economic Thought, 2005)
Karl Polanyi's most famous book, The Great Transformation, contains several ideas and theoretical notions which are at the heart of long-lasting controversies throughout the social sciences. Categories such as "double movement," "embeddedness," "disembedding," "market society," or "social freedom" have proved to be fruitful notions not only in anthropology, but also in sociology, political sciences, and economic history. The recent three volume publication of Karl Polanyi's writings during the interwar period–including published articles and unpublished manuscripts–opens for the first time the possibility to have a closer look at the origins and the development of some of Polanyi's concepts during the interwar period. In the paper titled "Human Freedom and the Reality of Society–Origins and Development of Karl Polanyi's Ideas during the Interwar Period," Claus Thomasberger addresses Polanyi's idea of a polar relationship between human freedom and the "reality of society." The paper offers new insights, discussing central questions which are crucial to the understanding of Polanyi's reasoning: Where are the roots of his central categories? What influence did Marx have on Polanyi's thinking? What is the relationship between Polanyi's approach and the Austrian School of Economics? Is it appropriate to read his work in terms of an institutional approach? In order to give an answer to these questions, the paper goes back not only to the 1930s, but to the 1920s as well. As it demonstrates, Polanyi had already developed the core ideas of his thinking in Vienna, participating actively in the discussions between the Austrian School of Economics and Austro-Marxism about the possibilities of a socialist society.
Economics; Philosophy
Keywords: history of economic thought: individuals; reality of society

Massacre of the Doves?: Interpreting Israel's 2003 Elections - McMahon, Sean F. (British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2005)
This article argues that Israel's 2003 elections are best understood as a deeper embedding of neoliberalism in the Israeli polity. It is argued that the most accurate characterization of the elections is as an articulation of Polanyi's Phase I of the double-movement. The argument is developed in four stages. First, the Israeli elections are understood as a local reaction to the multilayered processes of globalization. The Israeli state and its elections are located in the neoliberal ideology which underwrites the phenomenon broadly defined as globalization. Second, the election results are reviewed. Third, the dominant interpretations of the elections are critically examined. Specifically, representations of the elections as a defeat of the parties of peace and as a rebuke of Sephardim/ultra-Orthodox influence in Israeli government are interrogated. Fourth, the coalition negotiations of February 2003, the constitution of Israel's 30 th government and some of the initiatives undertaken by Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu are explicated through deployment of Polanyi's double-movement framework.
Political Science; Area Studies
Keywords: Israel - politics and government; double movement; elections; globalization; neoliberalism

Fighting standards with standards: harmonization, rents, and social accountability in certified agrofood networks - Mutersbaugh, Tad (Environment & Planning A, 2005)
In this paper I explore the remaking of globalized standards through harmonization, and its impact upon certified-organic and fair-trade agrofood networks. I focus on certification standards and discuss four shifts associated with globalized standards (an increased importance of multilateral institutions, changes to standards language, displacement of network-specific standards, and a shift away from relational standards). It is then argued, with reference to value-chain rent theory, that the shift to globalized standards has transformed rent relations in ways that benefit certain actors (that is, retailers) and imperil the earnings of others. In brief, globalized standards increase the costs of standards compliance, the full burden of which falls upon immiserated producers, to the point at which farmers see little economic advantage to certified-organic and fair-trade production. I then examine social-accountability standards that seek to `fight standards with standards' by championing the consolidation of strong labor and environmental protections under a single label. The study suggests that a single-label strategy can be successful, yet must struggle to overcome a Polanyian double bind, for, in order to build broad coalitions necessary to extend the reach of protective standards, the coalitions must include corporate interests that prefer weaker, contract-based standards.
Geography
Keywords: agricultural accounting; agricultural industries; applied ecology; environmental policy; retail industry; retail stores

Polanyi, Chayanov, and Lessons for the Study of the Informal Sector - Özveren, Eyüp (Journal of Economic Issues (Association for Evolutionary Economics), 2005)
This article offers an alternative institutional economic approach to the informal sector by interpreting the works of economists Karl Polanyi and Alexander Vasil'evich Chayanov. Far from withering away, the informal sector continues to occupy an important place within economies in general and within the so-called developing economies in particular. Relatively speaking, the informal sector is inferior and more spontaneous, if not actually incomplete. Within the informal sector there are numerous small competitive firms, free entry, market-determined factor and product prices, together with a concentration of petty retail and services, labor-intensive production processes, and low productivity. According to Polanyi, one major drawback of mainstream economics is the insistence that the market mode is synonymous with the economy, and, under the weight of this assumption, formalistic economic analysis is assumed to be universally applicable to the study of all times and places. As a consequence, mainstream economists see markets where there are none.
Economics
Keywords: CHAYANOV; Alexander V.; POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; economic sectors; economics; informal sector (economics); labor productivity; labour productivity; small business

The role of the UN Millennium Declaration and of the World Economic and World Social Forum for Structural Change - Abrahamson, Hans (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2005)
Globalisation can in a polanyian sense be understood as a double movement. Societal reaction to the shortcomings of the corporate driven process of globalisation from above (the first movement) creates a counter movement from below (the second movement). The relations between different actors within the political landscape and the area of tensions between the two movements are characterised by the gramscian war of position and its power struggle over the hegemonic discourse. At times the constellation of political forces permits an institutionalised state of equilibrium built on converging interests between different social forces. During the Westphalia era with its nation-state project the social contract constituted the base for such an historic compromise. The end of the cold war and strengthened process of corporate globalisation has eroded the base for this social contract on a national level increasing development gaps not only between countries but also within countries. This paper addresses the question of room for manoeuvre for structural change in order to deal with present challenges within the Global Political Economy. It discusses how possibly the UN Millennium Declaration could be used in the ongoing discursive war of position between actors at the World Economic Forum in Davos (representing the first movement) and actors at the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre (representing the second movement) in order create a social base for a new social contract albeit on the global level. Such a discussion also illustrates present potential of these arenas in contributing to a future global political economy of peace and development.
Peace Studies; Development Studies
Keywords: United Nations; World Economic Forum; economics; forums (discussion & debate); globalization; hegemony; political science

Bridging boundaries and Mending Fences? Finding "community" in transboundary conservation approaches - Hoon, Parakh (Conference Papers – International Studies Association, 2005)
The article presents the conference paper titled "Bridging boundaries and Mending Fences? Finding community in transboundary conservation approaches" prepared for the "Annual Convention of the International Studies Association" held in Honolulu, Hawaii. It discusses the implementation of the Community Based Natural Resource Management in Botswana in early 1990s. It examines the contemporary applications of the idea of embeddedness which was coined by intellectual Karl Polanyi as an analytical and ideological foil to the notion of self-regulating markets.
Political Science
Keywords: Botswana; conservation of natural resources; conservation projects; international relations; self-regulating market

Embeddedness as a Process - Chajewski, Leszek (2005)
This article describes a strategy of modeling embeddedness of economic behavior as a process, as opposed to viewing it as a time-independent relationship between behavior and a social factor in which it is subsumed. I first reconstruct Polanyi's classic processual model of embeddedness and derive from it a set of intuitive tests, which are then applied to key modern approaches in economic sociology: structural, neo-institutional, neo-weberian and Fligstein's embeddedness-as-identity-formation approach. Finally, I describe main analytic and empirical consequences of the processual approach to embeddedness. Key among these consequences is that not all forms of embeddedness are of equal significance, therefore, economic sociology's empirical focus should shift from demonstrating that behavior is more likely to be embedded than not, to the forms of economic behavior that are likely to dominate alternative types of behavior.
Sociology
Keywords: cultural and neo-weberian perspectives in economic sociology; economic sectors; economic systems; embeddedness; embeddedness and identity formation; embeddedness process; empirical research; forms of economic integration; market transitions; neo-institutionalism; new economic sociology; social factors; social status; socioeconomics

"Economic Life, Institutions, and Social Action: Reflections on Polanyi's Approach to Studying Economic Life" - Gemici, Kurtulus (2005)
The article focuses on the relevance of economist Karl Polyani's economic theories and tries to analyze if his book titled "The Great Transformation," could be considered as the foundation of current economic sociology and international political economy. The author of the article says that Polayni's theories focuses on contemporary economic sociology, market economy's self-destructive approach and consideration of the market economy as integral part of the society. His work on institutedness and economy's embedness in society are working as base for most of the challenging theories in economic sociology.
Sociology
Keywords: Great Transformation; The (Book); capitalism; economic behavior; economics; embeddedness; institutions; methodology; socioeconomics

Gramsci, Polanyi and Impressions from Africa on the Social Forum Phenomenon - Bond, Patrick (International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2005)
The rise of the Social Forum phenomenon has been heartily welcomed, partly so as to unite diverse discourses of anti-neoliberal and anti-imperialist resistance under a common banner. There are debates worth flagging, however, that draw our attention to political philosophies (typically binary statist versus anti-statist disputes), visions of agency (typically networked movements versus parties), and potentials for revolutionary processes to emerge within ‘civil society’. In the spirit of Polanyi, many South Africans and other Africans are working on ‘decommodification’ strategies that range from particular sites of project-level struggles to national, regional and international advocacy. But we must be conscious, as well, of warnings by Gramsci about the long march through a civil society often co-opted to support state and neoliberal projects. The merits of African intellectual engagements with radical social movements have been shown in sites such as South African cities, but the African Social Forum awaits further opportunities to welcome allied researchers and academics. As the World Social Forum comes to Africa in 2007, Marcuse’s hope that the constituent movements begin to coalesce around a program is timely. However, this is likely to emanate more from intra-sectoral networks rather than from multidisciplinary moments such as the WSF itself. La montée du phénomène des Forums sociaux a été accueillie chaleureusement, en partie comme manière d’unifier sous un même drapeau les multiples discours de la résistance anti-néolibérale et anti-impérialiste. Certains débats éminents attirent pourtant l’attention sur des philosophies politiques (généralement des oppositions binaires étatistes/anti-étatistes), des visions de l’intermédiation (en général, mouvements interconnectés/partis) et des processus révolutionnaires susceptibles de naître au sein de ‘la société civile’. Dans l’esprit de Polanyi, nombre d’Africains, du Sud et d’ailleurs, s’emploient à des stratégies de ‘démarchandisation’ couvrant à la fois sites de conflit particuliers liés à un projet et plaidoyers aux niveaux national, régional et international. Toutefois, il ne faut pas oublier les avertissements de Gramsci pour qui la longue marche passant par la société civile risquait d’être cooptée afin de soutenir des projets gouvernementaux ou néolibéraux. Si les engagements d’intellectuels africains aux côtés de mouvement sociaux radiaux se sont révélés bénéfiques dans des cas tels que les villes d’Afrique du Sud, le Forum social africain espère d’autres occasions de rallier chercheurs et universitaires. Comme le Forum social mondial se tiendra en Afrique en 2007, l’espoir de Marcuse — de voir les mouvements constitutifs s’unir progressivement autour d’un programme — est d’actualité. Cependant, cette évolution viendra plus probablement de réseaux intra-sectoriels que d’élans multidisciplinaires comme le FSM.
Geography; Political Economy
Keywords: GRAMSCI; Antonio; 1891-1937; South Africa; decommodification; development studies; geography; social forum phenomenon

From flows to violence - Kalb, Don (Anthropological Theory, 2005)
Recent globalization theory reflected a chain of world historical events since the end of the Cold War. Globalization theories were tools for the making of political alliances between market liberals and political, liberals. From the mid-1990s a broad range of institutionalist social science programs showed that globalization outcomes were often better explained by institutional logics (including cultural ones) than by global flows per se. This is, among others, illustrated by the debate on global inequality data. The emerging debate on empire and imperalism is discussed as a logical offshoot of the globalization discussion just as the phenomenon itself is seen as a likely outcome of an epoch of market-driven globalization. Globalization was predicated on the emergence of a US-led transnational western state structure on behalf of the transnational capitalist class based in finance and the large corporations. Territory and space have become more important rather than less, but the explanation of regional trajectories must now be located more firmly in the interaction between local and global structures. This leads to a new agenda in the social sciences: one oriented toward common interdisciplinary programs with a limited range of core questions - about state formations, class formations, mobilizations, claim making, and associated cultural processes. Programs should be more theory driven, comparative, and in search of explanations of divergent spatial and temporal outcomes of universal process.
Anthropology
Keywords: alliances (international relations); civilization; cultural policy; dual polarization; empire; globalisation; globalization; imperialism; international relations; social sciences & state; transnational capitalist class

Beyond Boganism - Brown, Beth; Brown, Doug (Journal of Popular Culture, 2005)
The article analyzes the global economy by subjecting it to an interpretive scheme derived from popular culture Boganism, an Australian colloquialism or street slang used by teenagers. Boganism, the social phenomenon of being both unaware and irresponsible, is the result of a particular type of human abandonment. This abandonment is linked to the new hypercapitalism of globalization. The article will establish the structural roots of boganism, examine the case of the abandonment of U.S. youth, and conclude with reform recommendations necessary to shift us beyond boganism to a culture of sustainability. Karl Polanyi, a Hungarian economist, argued a half century ago that the birth of capitalism meant the emergence of what he called the disembedded economy. Polanyi's essential problem with capitalism, when it emerged in the sixteenth century, was that it creates a society in which everyone is dependent on markets to meet their basic needs. The pace of life has clearly increased with the maturation of capitalism and industrialism. But with the high-technology revolution, accompanied as it has been by the globalization of capitalism, what is happening is acceleration of everyday life, the economy, market transactions, and much more. Stratification: relationships of supra- and subordination, relations of domination and injustice. These are the social dimensions and institutional, structural relations between people and groups that have played defining roles in social, political, and economic analysis over the last three centuries of industrialism. Categories of stratification include classism, racism, statism, and sexism, and others. Along with these, we can add boganism.
Political Science; Economics
Keywords: capitalism; disembedded economy; disembeddedness; globalization; popular culture; socioeconomics

Labour and Globalization: Towards a New Internationalism? - Ramasamy, P. (Travail et Mondialisation: Vers un nouvel internationalisme?, 2005)
A one-dimensional view of capitalism inevitably leads to the conclusion that labour is in a state of deep crisis. However, if we examine globalization as a contradictory process, then it is possible to regard its relationship with labour as a transformative one. In this context, the decline of trade union density in developed countries and the rise of new forms of trade unionism in selected countries of the South, illustrate the contradictory relationship between labour and capital. In accordance with Marx, capitalist expansion not only does away with old forms of labour organizations, but has the tendency to create new forms of labour resistance. Similarly, Polanyi argues that attempts to disembed the economy (return to free market enterprise) from the rest of society will be resisted by societal forces. (English)
Political Science
Keywords: capitalism; developed countries; embeddedness; free enterprise; globalization; international trade; labor; labor unions; labour; labour unions; political doctrines

Economics and the Space of Modernity: - Escobar, Arturo (Cultural Studies, 2005)
This text was the original second chapter of the author's doctoral dissertation (Escobar 1987); this chapter was never included in the book that eventually grew from the dissertation (Escobar 1995). Although the chapter's contribution to debates on the economy are largely synthetic and certainly not original, the author wanted to publish it for a number of reasons. First, the alleged triumph of neo-liberal ideologies and the increase in depth and scope of market cultures at present make even more important the task of cultural analysis of economics and the economy. This paper was an effort in this direction, particularly to mapping the genealogies of what in the paper is called ‘the Western economy’. Second, there have been some recent claims that the cultural analysis of economics and the economy has hardly been broached. References to Polanyi's foundational role in this respect are, of course, de rigueur, but one only needs to point at the pioneering work of Stephen Gudeman since the 1980s to dispute this claim. Third, the same cultural analysis is experiencing a much needed surge, with several groups today fully engaged with it from various – some times overlapping – perspectives. Finally, the impetus for this piece also comes from the creative efforts by a number of social movements in the world – such as some of the autonomistas in Argentina – to go even beyond ‘rethinking’ the economy to propose that what is needed is a new invention altogether.
Anthropology; Cultural Studies
Keywords: anthropology of modernity; cultural studies; cultures of economy; economic history; economics; genealogy; modernity; resistance; social history; third world

The fruits of intellectual production: economic and scientific specialisation among OECD countries - Laursen, Keld; Salter, Ammon (Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2005)
This paper brings together data from 17 OECD countries on scientific publications, patents and production, to explore the relationship between scientific and economic specialisation for 17 manufacturing industries. Since Marx, there has been a fundamental debate in economics about the link between science and the economic system. Marx argued that the needs of production shape scientific developments and that science has become a factor of production, whereas Polanyi argued that developments in science are largely independent of the economic sphere. Using a panel data model and econometric estimations at the industry level, the paper derives some hypotheses from the two positions and finds that, while the overall evidence on the link between national production and scientific specialisation is mixed, it is important to have high levels of relevant to-the-industry scientific strength per capita in order to be specialised in science-based industries.
Economics
Keywords: bibliometric data; econometrics; industries; international economic specialisation; manufactures; manufacturing industries; patent laws & legislation; patent suits; science & industry; scientific specialisation

Autour de Polanyi : vocabulaires, théories et modalités des échanges - Clancier, P.; Bresson, Alain (Editions De Boccard, 2005)
The varied questions which arise from the contributions made in this work provide a new modernity to Karl Polanyi and show the major interest in bringing together, as openly as his own, the various historical and economic specialties , Archaeological, ethnological, present in the House of Archeology and Ethnology of Nanterre. One of the most stimulating aspects of the contributions gathered here is the importance given to the presence of men, far beyond the simple equation of economic relations. These contributions sweep away a voluntarily vast field, from antiquity to the contemporary world. The historiographical dimension of Karl Polanyi's career is also present, through the contributions of Anne Chapman, who worked with him in South America, and his daughter, Kari Polanyi Levitt, specialist in development economics. Nathalie Zemon Davis, historian of societies in modern Europe, was asked to present the general conclusions of this symposium. Collection Conferences of Archaeology & Ethnology Maison René-Ginouvès , n o 1
History
Keywords: CHAPMAN; Anne; POLANYI LEVITT; Kari; ZEMON DAVIS; Nathalie

The Global Resistance Reader - Amoore, Louise (Psychology Press, 2005)
The Global Resistance Reader provides the first comprehensive collection of work on the phenomenal rise of transnational social movements and resistance politics: from the visible struggles against the financial, economic and political authority of large international organizations such as the World Trade Organization, World Bank and International Monetary Fund, to the much less visible acts of resistance in everyday life. The conceptual debates, substantive themes and case studies have been selected to open up the idea of global resistance to interrogation and discussion by students and to provide a one-stop orientation for researchers, journalists, policymakers and activists.
Geography; Political Science
Keywords: GILL; Stephen; political science / globalization; political science / reference

Engendering Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Global Political Economy, and the Crisis of Social Reproduction - Barker, Isabelle V. (Conference Papers – American Political Science Association, 2005)
Pentecostalism is the fastest growing religion in the world today. A number of explanatory theories exist, but in this paper, I hone in on the nexus between economic restructuring and Pentecostalism to explore this extraordinary expansion. Bringing together the work of feminist political economists and of Karl Polanyi, I argue that neo-liberal globalization threatens mechanisms for meeting social reproductive needs. Neo-liberalism cannot meet these needs on its own, and I suggest that Pentecostalism addresses these gaps, effectively embedding neo-liberal economic policies. It does so by facilitating norms and practices on the part of individual adherents to provide for the care work required for human reproduction; to adopt norms required of a neo-liberal labor force; and, to embrace the kind of transnational social identity that is compatible with labor migration and global markets. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding
Political Science
Keywords: CHRISTIANITY; GLOBALIZATION; Globalization; PENTECOSTALISM; Pentecostalism; Polanyi; Karl; 1886-1964; RELIGION & sociology; feminism; feminist political economy; neo-liberalism; social reproduction

Citizenship unbound: The global politics of neo-liberalism and labor migration - Barker, Isabelle Virginie; Cornell, Drucilla (2005)
This dissertation considers the status of citizenship in an era of neo-liberal globalization. Citing increased labor migration and the retreat of domestic social policies throughout the world as intersecting processes, I argue that narratives of national citizenship lie at the heart of this intersection, transformed by rapidly changing geopolitical conditions. Despite challenges, national citizenship remains a relevant political category, though reformulated along the lines of neo-liberal principles of privatization, market rationality, and individual responsibility. the politics and rhetoric surrounding the 1996 federal reforms of immigration and social policy in the United States serve as one example of this process. I further support my claim with an extensive illustration of the linkages between the restructuring of U.S. health care policy for senior citizens with the increased migration of women from the global South to provide low-wage direct care services for the aging population in the United States. I then evaluate the work of Martha Nussbaum, Amartya Sen and Thomas Pogge, arguing that their respective efforts fail to offer effective interventions into the fate of democratic citizenship in an era defined by expanding inequalities and shrinking public spaces. I conclude by bringing together the works of Karl Polanyi, David Held, and Hannah Arendt with feminist scholarship to develop a feminist theory of democracy and political membership for the twenty-first century. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Political Science
Keywords: ARENDT; Hannah; HELD; David; NUSSBAUM; Martha; POGGE; Thomas; SEN; Amartya; citizenship; feminist theory; globalization; labour migration; political science; women's studies

José Bové and the Globalisation Countermovement in France and Beyond: A Polanyian Interpretation - Birchfield, Vicki (Review of International Studies, 2005)
This article illustrates the continuing salience of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation (1944) by employing two of its central concepts, fictitious commodities and the double movement to interpret the globalisation countermovement and one of its most important figures, José Bové. I explain the transformation of José Bové from rural sheep farmer to French folk hero and global activist and analyse the extent to which his rhetoric and political actions are congruent with Polanyi's key insights. Arguing against the media characterisation of Bové as protectionist, I show that this misrepresentation conceals the larger ideological threat his movement poses to institutionalised politics and neoliberal hegemony. The political vision underlying Bové's symbolic media tactics and articulated in his book, Le Monde n'est pas une Marchandise, reveals significant manifestations of Polanyi's chief intellectual legacy - an unparalleled critique of economism and market society. An often neglected question in Polanyian scholarship is whether or not it is possible to have a market economy without becoming a market society. A more careful analysis of Polanyi's thought sheds light on this key issue while the empirical analysis of Bové's movement reveals its implications for French society and the broader globalisation countermovement.
Political Science
Keywords: capitalism; commodities; countermovement; economic globalization; economic liberalism; free market economies; globalization; international economics; political movements; social movements

Karl Polanyi et la séparation institutionnelle entre politique et économie - Buğra, Ayşe (Raisons politiques, 2005)
This article explores Karl Polanyi’s analysis of the institutional separation of politic and the economy in the context of the 19th century market economy. The contribution his analysis could make to the quest for viable alternatives to the contemporary neo-liberal international order depends on how we construe two key concepts in his work, “disembeddedness” and “countermovement”. In this regard the author suggests that: 1) In Polanyi’s work the disembedded economy appears not as a sociological reality but as a political project, and 2) Polanyi’s analysis of the countermovement does not justify all types of resistance to the market economy as humane and politically acceptable.
Economics; History
Keywords: institutional separation

Two heterodox economists: Neurath and Karl Polanyi - Giandomenica, Becchio (MyScienceWork Working paper No. 11/2005 Università di Torino 1, 2005)
This paper is based on the idea that between the 1920s and the mid-1930s in Vienna there were two forms of heterodox economic theory: the Austrian economic school headed by Ludwig von Mises and another interesting form of heterodox economics opposed to the Austrian school (above all politically) and pursued by various social thinkers (Otto Neurath, Karl Polanyi, Otto Bauer, Felix Schaffer, Felix Weil, Jacob Marschak). They were engaged in the debate on the possibilities of a planned economy: Austrian socialist economists proposed a sort of ‘third’ way between pure capitalism (whose Viennese stronghold was the Austrian economic school) and orthodox communism à la Kautzsky (deeply rooted in Germany). This paper focuses on the affinities between Neurath and Polanyi’s economic thought: despite some major differences between them, they shared a common philosophical background on which they founded their heterodox economic theory. After a brief historical premise, there is a first part, which deals with the debate on a planned economy and a second part, which deals with the influence of Neurath on the Polanyi’s vision of the faults of the neoclassical economic theory: the concepts of “disembedded economy” and of the so-called “economicistic fallacy”. NEURATH AND POLANYI IN VIENNA Neurath described himself as a ‘social engin
Economics; Philosophy
Keywords: Austrian economic school; NEURATH; Otto; economics; heterodox economics; philosophy; political science

Le port de commerce : un concept en débat - Graslin, Laetitia; Maucourant, Jérôme (Topoi, 2005)
Economics; History
Keywords: Dahomey and the Slave Trade; port of commerce

A New Middle East? Globalization, Peace and the Double Movement - Guy Ben-Porat (International Relations, 2005)
The rise and fall of the New Middle East (NME) cannot be separated from wider global developments and must therefore be studied in relation to them, in both their ideational and material aspects. The ideological background of the NME has drawn upon the ideology of globalization and shares its underlying tenets of rationality, professionalism and virtues of market economy. In the early 1990s a discourse of globalization was set in motion, highlighting economic and technological development that supposedly rendered territory and territorial disputes marginal or irrelevant. The NME, supported by Israel's business, political and academic elites, advocated liberal economics and peace as a solution to the region's problems. But Israeli elites have failed to turn the idea of the NME into a hegemonic concept, as this attempted liberal hegemony invoked a Polanyian double movement that undermined the peace process. The scenario of the NME and the trade-off between territorial integrity and promised regional prosperity not only met fierce ideological rejection, but, perhaps more importantly, failed to persuade the many more skeptics. Limited in its appeal and lacking sufficient legitimacy, the peace process was exposed to derailment by extremists, locking the region into cycles of violence.
Political Science; International Relations
Keywords: Middle East; capitalism; double movement; economic development; globalization; ideology; international relations

Karl Polanyi - Isaac, Barry L. (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005)
This unique Handbook contains substantial and invaluable summary discussions of work on economic processes and issues, and on the relationship between economic and non-economic areas of life. Furthermore it describes conceptual orientations that are important among economic anthropologists, and presents summaries of key issues in the anthropological study of economic life in different regions of the world. Its scope and accessibility make it useful both to those who are interested in a particular topic and to those who want to see the breadth and fruitfulness of an anthropological study of economics.
Anthropology
Keywords: economic anthropology; economics and finance; social policy and sociology

The Economy as a Polity: The Political Constitution of Contemporary Capitalism - Joerges, Christian; Stråth, Bo; Wagner, Peter (Psychology Press, 2005)
The debate about so-called economic globalization has reached a new phase. The hegemony of neo-liberal thinking has ended, in the face of both the increased and increasingly effective resistance to the social consequences of neo-liberal market-making - rising inequality and insecurity throughout the world - and the visibly dysfunctional effects of lack of regulation - currency and stock market crashes, among others. Thus, the story about 'the rise and fall of market society', which was first told in these terms by Karl Polanyi sixty years ago, is about to receive a new chapter. In this light, this volume offers a novel perspective on the interaction between states and markets. In contrast to much of current theoretical wisdom, we hold, with Polanyi, that markets cannot even be consistently thought of as self-regulating. Markets are always constituted by framework conditions that cannot be set by the markets themselves. The range and scope of market rules requires some agreement, or at least acceptance, for economic exchange to be working at all; in democratic societies, these rules are at least theoretically always subject to political debate and decision. To put the issue in theoretical terms: even the most pure version of economic liberalism always entails at the same time a political philosophy. This volume, thus, proposes to understand contemporary capitalism by regarding the economy as a polity, as an arrangement that is always constituted by some collective agreements about its mode of operation. Such theoretical position on its own, though, is insufficient to explain the workings of capitalism once and for all. Historical experiences with capitalism have led to transformations that require new angles of analysis. It is in the nature of the struggles over the embedding of markets that their outcomes are subject to historical contingency and cannot be completely known beforehand. Beyond a review of the theoretical tools at hand, therefore, the analysis of the contemporary constellation of capitalism, also requires an understanding of its recent transformations. This is the second task to which this volume is devoted - through analyses of the current state of regulation of labour and money and through investigations of the historical development and novel forms of the mode of embedding markets. While focusing on the renewal of the analysis of contemporary capitalism, the volume also points to fruitful directions of institutional or policy change and provides perspectives for a much-needed political renewal, with a particular focus on the European Union as a novel polity embedding the European economy.
Political Science; Economics
Keywords: business & economics; economic policy; free enterprise; public policy

Le troc et la monnaie dans la pensée de Polanyi - Maucourant, Jérôme (2005)
Relire K. Polanyi nous affranchit d'une double illusion. Selon la première, l'homme est essentiellement un atome utilitaire exploitant les gains supposés de l'échange, cette vieille « fable du troc » n'étant pas remise en cause par l'économie des « coûts de transaction ». La seconde illusion, construction hétérodoxe voulant s'affranchir de cette fable, attribue à la monnaie les traits d'une institution aussi transhistorique qu'universelle. Certes, de nombreux phénomènes qualifiés de « troc » sont en réalité issus de la destruction d'ordres monétaires. D'ailleurs, K. Polanyi, commentant Aristote, montrait déjà que le dogme de la naturalité du troc est une projection des a priori de la société de marché. Mais, ceci ne signifie pas que la monnaie soit « souveraine » : seules les communautés politiques sont souveraines, seule la réciprocité, au sens de l'école maussienne, est un universel, le troc pouvant être « enchâssé » dans l'économie. Review Polanyi frees us a double illusion. According to the first, man is essentially a utilitarian atom exploiting the supposed gains of exchange, this old "barter fable" not being called into question by the economy of "transaction costs". The second illusion, a heterodox construction wishing to free itself from this fable, attributes to money the features of an institution as transhistorical as a universal one. Certainly, many phenomena called "barter" are in fact derived from the destruction of monetary orders. Besides, K. Polanyi, commenting Aristotle, already showed that the dogma of the naturalness of barter is a projection of a priori of the market society. But this does not mean that money is "sovereign": only political communities are sovereign, only reciprocity, in the sense of the Maussian school, is a universal, barter can be "enshrined" in the economy.
Economics; Political Science
Keywords: barter; universal barter

L'ère de l'opulence selon Polanyi - Maucourant, Jérome; Vivel, Christel (Economies et sociétés, 2005)
L'article expose la problématique d'un texte peu connu de Polanyi datant de 1959. Prétextant un commentaire de L'ère de l'opulence de Galbraith, il soutient que le naturalisme de l'économie dominante nous interdit de comprendre la signification véritable de la rareté. Polanyi montre alors que les oppositions classiques entre liberté et égalité, économie et démocratie, peuvent être dépassées dans le cadre d'une société nouvelle abolissant la séparation institutionnelle de l'économique et du politique. Ces thèses de Polanyi sont imprégnées d'un aristotélisme tenant compte des déchirures sociales que furent le machinisme et les fascismes. KM: One aims at presenting a unknown Polanyi's text. Starting with a comment of the Affluent Society from Galbraith, we explain that the mainstream economics'naturalism prevents us from understanding the actual significance of scarcity. Polanyi shows that the classical oppositions between liberty and equality, economy and democracy can be overcame in the frame of a brand new society in which the institutional line between economics and politics should be abolished. This is sustained by an aristotelism that takes into account the social breaks produced by machinism and fascisms.
Economics; Sociology
Keywords: opulence; rareté

Globalization - McMichael, Phillip (The Handbook of Political Sociology states, civil societies, and globalization, 2005)
Philip McMichael casts a critical eye on the process of globalization suggesting that it takes different forms across time and space. He specifies contemporary globalization as a discursive project, geared to institutionalizing corporate markets through multilateral and regional economic agreements driven by powerful states. From this perspective of depicting globalization as an exercise in power, he examines political countermovements to globalization. Global justice movements, he argues, are globalization’s “historical and relational barometer,” and they operate at various, but often interrelated, scales. Work- ing from Karl Polanyi’s “double movement” of implementation of and resistance to economic liberalism, McMichael questions the adequacy of Polanyi’s formulation for the elaboration of market rule in the twenty-first century. This question concerns the conventional interpretation of “sovereignty” as the centerpiece of nation-state formation, including the development of citizenship. Here, globalization is viewed through the lens of a sovereignty crisis, where corporate market rule compromises the social contract upon which the state/citizen relation is founded. The crisis is expressed differently across the world, as the impact of market rule generates alternative social movement conceptions of sovereignty, especially in the global south where corporate globalization is realized through a drastic intensification of social exclusion.
Sociology
Keywords: counter-movement; critique; double movement; globalization; political sociology

Ancient Athens & modern ideology: value, theory & evidence in historical sciences : Max Weber, Karl Polanyi & Moses Finley - Nafissi, Mohammad (Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2005)
History; Classical Studies
Keywords: Athens (Greece); WEBER; Max; 1864-1920; civilization; classical civilization; classical philology; economic theory; economics; history / ancient / Greece; social science / sociology / general

What Can Marxists Learn From Polanyi? - Özel, Hüseyin; Yılmaz, Erdal (2005)
The starting point of this paper is this comment by Rhoda Halperin on the relationship between Marx and Polanyi. Our objective is, however, to examine how reading of Polanyi could be useful to understand, or supplement, Marx’s own views on both capitalism and the “human condition” in general, rather than vice versa. In this regard, we argue first that those followers of Polanyi who believe that Marx should be treated as a rival of Polanyi, and that Marx’s “historical materialism” and his critique of capitalism is economically (or technologically) determinist, mechanistic, and reductionist, either misunderstand or misrepresent Marx.. We believe that these properties should be taken as representing the position that could be called as “vulgar” Marxism, rather than representing Marx’s own position. This type of “vulgar” Marxism is first of all positivistic or scientistic in its outlook; that is, it maintains the positivistic distinction between facts and values and thus considers ethics as being trivial in understanding and resisting capitalism. Secondly, its “materialistic conception of history” is guilty of the “economistic fallacy”, since it overlooks the fact only under capitalism do we have an “economic society”. Third, its class conception is mechanistic and reductionistic in that every act of resistance to capitalism must be explained in terms of, and carried out through, class struggle. Last, but not least, the “vulgar” Marxism is fatalistic in the sense that it maintains the view that capitalism will inevitably be collapsed through class struggle. We believe that none of these charges can be sustained if one considers Marx’s work in its entirety, and that there are important affinities and overlaps between Marx and Polanyi.
Economics
Keywords: MARX; Karl; 1818-1883; critique of capitalism; fictitious commodities; substantiveness

Karl Polanyi as a Development Economist - Polanyi Levitt, Kari (Pioneers of Development Economics: Great Economists on Development, 2005)
The history of modern economic thought has been pre-occupied with the question of economic transformation or development. This survey of important contributions to the economics of development includes many economists not normally considered as pioneers in this field. The contributors point to the role of imperialist considerations in the early development of economic thought and the development discourse, and the impact of pressures for social and political reform. The economists and thinkers discussed include William Petty, David Ricardo, Friedrich List, Alexander Hamilton, Karl Marx, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Alfred Marshall, Michal Kalecki, John Maynard Keynes, Nicholas Kaldor, Karl Polanyi, Raul Prebisch, Arthur Lewis, Alexander Gerschenkeron and Hans Singe
Economics
Keywords: development economics; economic history

Propos d'Aristote sur une société d'abondance - Polanyi, Karl (Economies et sociétés, 2005)
KM: Translation of a Polanyi essay - involves Michele Cangiani and Jérôme Maucouran. Nous publions ci-dessous la traduction en français d'un texte inédit de Karl Polanyi : « Aristotle on an affluent society » (13 mars 1959, Archives de l'Institut Karl Polanyi d'économie politique, Montréal). Ce texte doit paraître aux Éditions du Seuil, en 2006, dans un recueil intitulé Essais de Karl Polanyi, sous la direction scientifique de Michele Cangiani et Jérôme Maucourant, dans la collection « Économie humaine » dirigée par Jacques Généreux. La version présente de ce texte a été traduite par Laurence Collaud en collaboration avec Michele Cangiani, Jérôme Maucourant et Christel Vivel. Œconomia remercie les Éditions du Seuil ainsi que Jacques Généreux d'avoir autorisé cette publication. We publish the French translation of an unpublished text by Karl Polanyi: "Aristotle on an affluent society" (March 13, 1959, Archives of the Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy, Montreal). This text is to be published by Éditions du Seuil in 2006 in a collection entitled Essays by Karl Polanyi, under the scientific direction of Michele Cangiani and Jérôme Maucourant, in the collection "Économie humaine" directed by Jacques Généreux. The present version of this text has been translated by Laurence Collaud in collaboration with Michele Cangiani, Jérôme Maucourant and Christel Vivel. Œconomia thanks Editions du Seuil and Jacques Généreux for authorizing this publication.
N/A
Keywords: ARISTOTLE; CANGIANI; Michele; MAUCOURANT; Jérôme; translation

What We Need to Know About the Social Economy A Guide for Policy Research - PRI Project (Government of Canada, 2005)
This guide provides background on the social economy, identifies research issues whose examination would support the development of policies and programs, provides suggestions for how this research might be conducted, and points to some useful information sources. KM: Gov't commissioned - New Approaches for Addressing Poverty and Exclusion
N/A
Keywords: Canada; borderline; government of canada; grey literature; social economy

Surviving Capitalism: How We Learned to Live with the Market and Remained Almost Human - Ringmar, Erik (Anthem Press, 2005)
Human life cannot be reduced to market transactions and human beings cannot only be treated as economic actors. When the power of the market increases, human beings will always try to protect themselves. Given the differences that exist in social and cultural traditions, these protective responses are likely to differ from one society to the other. This is why, even in a global market, diversity is always likely to persist. This book investigates the question of economic globalization - whether it is likely to lead to full convergence between political models and ways of life, or whether, even in a completely globalized world economy, there is likely to be scope for alternative solutions. But in a fully globalized world, how will we survive capitalism?
Political Science
Keywords: economic globalization; globalization

The Transition between the Old and New Traditional Economies in India - Rosser, J. Barkley; Rosser, Marina V. (Comparative Economic Studies (Palgrave), 2005)
We extend Karl Polanyi's traditional economy concept to modern economies with advanced technology that are embedded in a traditional socio-cultural framework. This is the New Traditional economy, seen in parts of the Islamic world and with the Hindu nationalist movement in India. However, rural India is also the largest repository of the Old Traditional economy with its Hindu caste and jajmani system of reciprocal labour relations. The changes in India's complexly mixed economy, with its increasing market and strong planned elements, constitute a transition from the Old to the New Traditional economy. We shall consider this transition both ideologically and systemically.
Economics
Keywords: Hinduism; India; caste; economics; labor; labour; markets; nationalism; new traditional economy; old traditional economy; transition

Dé-penser l'économique sans Mauss et avec Polanyi - Sobel, Richard (L'Homme & la société, 2005)
Political Science
Keywords: MAUSS; Marcel; 1872-1950

Social Embeddedness. Within Political Economy: The Work of Karl Polanyi - Watson, Matthew (Foundations of International Political Economy, 2005)
BOOK ABSTRACT: Despite a burgeoning debate on substantive issues in IPE, little attention has been devoted to its theoretical foundations. In this important new text, Matthew Watson reviews the main current theoretical approaches to IPE and highlights the problems that arise from treating 'states' and 'markets' as separate and contesting units of analysis. Foremost among these problems is the lack of attention given to theorizing the constitution of the individual as both an economic agent and a moral being.
Political Science
Keywords: international political economy; social embeddedness

Constructing opposition in the age of globalization: the potential of ATTAC - Birchfield, Vicki; Freyberg-Inan, Annette (Globalizations, 2004)
This article examines the movement ATTAC and assesses its potential to function as a vital part of the emerging global opposition to neoliberal globalization. We analyze the agenda of the movement and assess its coherence, both in terms of policy evaluations and prescriptions and in terms of the fit of the movement's organizational structure with its substantive mission and official aims. To this end, we explain the emergence and stellar rise of the movement, compare the particularly successful nation-wide organizations of ATTAC in France and Germany, and examine the movement's transnational activities. We find ATTAC to be coherent in terms of agenda as well as organizational practices and to make a laudable effort to reflect its agenda of democratic empowerment in its political praxis. Acknowledging the enormous challenges faced by transnational civic opposition, we nonetheless conclude optimistically that ATTAC has the potential of serving as a core movement around which such opposition might usefully rally. As a subordinate contribution, our investigation poses the question of how to most usefully conceptualize the nature and role of the movement. We invite scholarly dialogue by locating ATTAC in the context of the study of social movements and transnational civil society and by enriching the theoretical debate on the nature of the emerging global opposition with our empirical observations on one of its main protagonists. Annette Freyberg-Inan is assistant professor at the Political Science Department of the University of Amsterdam. She specializes in the areas of International Relations Theory; International Political Economy and Globalization; European Integration, Democratization and Enlargement; Romanian Politics; Political Psychology; and Methodology. Her most recent publications includeWhat Moves Man: The Realist Theory of International Relations and Its Judgment of Human Nature(New York: SUNY Press, 2004); ‘Organic intellectuals and counter-hegemonic politics in the age of globalisation: the case of ATTAC’, with Vicki Birchfield, in Catherine Eschle and Bice Maiguashca (eds), Critical Theories, World Politics and the ‘Anti-Globalization Movement’(London: Routledge, forthcoming 2005); ‘Transition economies’, in Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey Underhill (eds), Political Economy and the Changing Global Order(Oxford University Press, 3rd ed., forthcoming 2005); Transition, Civil Society, and the Social Sciences in Romania(Stuttgart/Hannover: Ibidem Verlag, forthcoming 2005); ‘World system theory: how the fate of Kosovo reflects the logic and the grip of the world capitalist order’ in Jennifer Sterling-Folker (ed.), Making Sense of IR Theory(Boulder, CO: Lynn Rienner, forthcoming 2005); ‘Which way to progress? The impact of international organizations in Romania’, in Ronald Linden (ed.), Norms and Nannies: The Impact of International Organizations on the Central and East European States(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002). Vicki Birchfield is an assistant professor in the School of International Affairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Her research interests include comparative and international political economy and European politics. She is currently completing a book manuscript entitledInstitutions, Values and Income Inequality in Capitalist Democraciesand has published articles in theReview of International Political Economy, European Journal of Political Researchand theReview of International Studies.
Political Science
Keywords: ATTAC; globalization; international studies; neoliberalism; social movements

The Continuing 'Wind of Change' in the Balkans: Sources of Housing Inequality in Bulgaria - Vesselinov, Elena (Urban Studies (Routledge), 2004)
The research in this paper explores the institutional changes in the housing system during the period of market transition in Bulgaria, which follow suit with the greater societal transformations. The societal changes are linked theoretically with Polanyi's understanding of the transition from a non-market to a market society. His argument helps in establishing the institutional context of the macroeconomic changes in the past decade. The article then focuses on the changing sources of housing inequality. It is argued that there are two urban regimes of housing inequality: the regime of controlled uniformity during the period of socialism and the regime of primitive diversity during the period of market transition. The two regimes are produced mainly through the changing role of the state.
Sociology; Urban Studies
Keywords: Bulgaria; cities & towns; equality; housing; macroeconomics; socialism; urban studies

Meat for the Multitudes: Market Culture in Paris, New York City, and Mexico City over the Long Nineteenth Century - Horowitz, Roger; Pilcher, Jeffrey M.; Watts, Sydney (American Historical Review, 2004)
Examines an earlier period of oscillation between state intervention and market liberalization in the meat trades of Paris, France New York City, and Mexico City, Mexico. Explanation on market culture; Argument of economic historian Karl Polanyi on the modern capitalist system and market rationality; Discussion on the rules governing the relationship between civil society and state power in the meat trade.
History
Keywords: Mexico; Mexico City; New York; Paris (France); civil society; intervention (federal government); liberalism; market liberalization; meat industry; state intervention

Antecedents of Resistance: Populism and the Possibilities for Democratic Globalization - Plante, David J.; Niemi, William L. (2004)
Globalization is often portrayed as a new and unique phenomenon to our times. However, the dependence of American society upon global markets is not new. American Populists of the 19th century faced a similar matrix of political economic constraints. The Populists faced such challenges as the expansion of international trade, a deflationary international monetary order, integrating global capital markets, dependence on credit, and a political system unable to effectively regulate economic activity to public ends. In short, they responded to a system that from their perspective emphasized corporate profits at the expense of democracy. The Populists goal was to create a more democratic political economy in the face of these constraints. Today globalism has been countered by a diverse series of previously unconnected social movements. This paper argues that these movements are part of a rich tradition of democratic responses to the dislocations resulting from attempts to internationalize and commodify all social relations. As such, these 19th century movements offer instruction in the confrontation between democracy and capitalism in its latest iteration. For example, one important continuity between resistance to globalism today, is the use of democratized traditions of moral economy arguments to confront developing inequalities. Successful fair trade alternatives to free trade similarly depend upon moral economy arguments. Despite the inequalities resulting from globalization, challenges from the democratic promise have endured.
Political Science
Keywords: capital market; capitalism; corporate profits; democracy; fair; globalism; globalization; international trade; monetary policy; populism; trade

Rules of Privatization: Contradictions in Neoliberal Regulation of North Pacific Fisheries - Mansfield, Becky (Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2004)
Recent changes in fisheries regulation in the U.S. North Pacific reveal how neoliberalism is constituted in practice, and the forms that neoliberalism takes when it engages with environmental management and ecological processes. Whereas neoliberalism can be taken as a political economic philosophy that posits that markets, without state involvement, can best allocate resources, the history and practice of neoliberalism show that it is not as unified as it often appears. Analysis of contemporary fisheries policy reveals not only contradictions in neoliberal approaches, but also how those contradictions are shaped by the environmental context of the industry. This article discusses the rationale for neoliberalism in fisheries and the governance changes enacted in the 1998 American Fisheries Act, which privatized the fishery for Alaska pollock by closing the fishery to all new entrants, providing a set percentage of the yearly catch to “cooperatives” of participants, and allowing individuals to lease their shares. Karl Polanyi's notion of the “double movement” provides a framework to argue that even though regulators tout these reforms because they rely on market mechanisms to resolve recalcitrant ecological and economic problems in these fisheries, writing and implementing the act simultaneously involved complex rule making designed to protect the market. This form of neoliberalism results from the history of fisheries regulation, including recent emphasis on cooperative management, and the ecological characteristics of marine fish. Moves to privatize the oceans entail developing distinctive forms of neoliberal practice that uniquely combine private industry and government regulation. Because fish are one of the last great resource commons, neoliberal approaches to fisheries mark a profound geographical transformation in the political economy of the oceans.
Geography
Keywords: Pacific Ocean; double movement; fishery policy; neoliberalism; privatization

International Relations and the Problem of Difference - Inayatullah, Naeem; Blaney, David L. (Routledge, 2004)
International Relations and the Problem of Difference has developed out of the sense that IR as a discipline does not assess the quality of cultural interactions that shape, and are shaped by, the changing structures and processes of the international system. In this work, the authors re-imagine IR as a uniquely placed site for the study of differences as organized explicitly around the exploration of the relation of wholes and parts and sameness and difference-and always the one in relation to the other. KM: Chapter 5 "Toward an Ethnological IPE" deals extensively with Polanyi's ideas
Political Science
Keywords: economic anthropology; ethnological IPE; international political economy; international relations; political economy

Environmental Values in a Globalizing World: Nature, Justice and Governance - Lowe, Ian; Paavola, Jouni (Routledge, 2004)
This multidisciplinary volume presents a refreshing new approach to environmental values in the global age. it investigates the challenges that globalization poses to traditional environmental values in general as well as in politics and international governance.Divided into five parts, the book investigates how environmental values could be reconceived in a globalizing world.Part I explores contemporary environmental values and their implications for a globalizing world.Part II examines the development of Western and Eastern environmental valuesPart III discusses contemporary environmental politicsPart IV examines how values inform environmental governance and how governance solutions influence which values are realisedPart V concludes the volume with two different views of the prospects of environmental values in a globalising world. This study will be of great interest to students and researchers studying the environment in philosophy, political science, international relations, international environment law, environmental studies and development studies. KM - Contains chapter: "Global Liberalism, Environmentalism, and the Changing Boundaries of the Political : Karl Polanyi's Insights" by John M. Meyer
Political Science
Keywords: MEYER; John M.; environmental policy; globalization; public policy

Globalization, Labor and the 'Polanyi Problem' - Munck, Ronaldo (Labor History, 2004)
This article outlines what the Polanyi problem consists of and provides information on some of the implications that arise in developing a Gramscian/Polanyian strategy of counter-hegemony for the labor and the modern social movements, as of August 2004. Labor and new social movements are allegedly an integral element for a progressive solution of the so-called Polanyi problem, which is how the tendency towards the creation of a global free-market economy can be reconciled with a degree of stability and cohesion in society. Taking a Polanyian perspective allows the development of a historical perspective on the dual transformations of globalization and labor. Towards the end of the Second World War, Karl Polanyi wrote of how a self-regulating market that allegedly could not exist for any length of time without annihilating the human and natural substance of society. Such a utopia would allegedly destroy humanity and transform the world into a wilderness, an opinion mirrored by modern eco-socialists. The strategy and ideology of globalization as transformative revolution seems to echo and confirm Polanyi's account of the 19th century industrial revolution, an attempt to set up a self-regulating market.
Sociology; Political Science
Keywords: GRAMSCI; Antonio; 1891-1937; Polanyi and Gramsci; Polanyi problem; counter-hegemony; economic policy; free enterprise; globalization; international relations; labor movement; labour movement; social movements

Dynamics of Conflict and System Change: The Great Transformation Revisited - Halperin, Sandra (European Journal of International Relations, 2004)
Karl Polanyi's analysis in The Great Transformation has played a prominent role in shaping our understanding of the nature and outcome of both globalization and the movements that have emerged to resist it. However, this article argues that Polanyi's account of the rise and demise of Europe's 19th-century market system is, in important respects, incomplete and misleading. Its central concern is Polanyi's neglect of class structures and processes and how this leads him to mischaracterize both the international and domestic institutions of Europe's 19th-century market system, and the central dynamic driving its development and ultimate collapse. The article critically reviews key features of Polanyi's analysis. Based on this review, it then presents a re-reading of the history of Europe's unregulated market system. Finally, it considers the implications of this alternative account for how we view the context and conditions for globalization and the ways it can best be resisted or shaped in less destructive ways.
Political Science; International Relations
Keywords: Europe; class conflict; globalization; international relations; international trade; markets; organizations and policy; social conflict; transformation; transnational capital

And if there was no state?: critical reflections on Bates, Polanyi and Evans on the role of the state in promoting development - Menocal, Alina Rocha (Third World Quarterly, 2004)
The article review three books about the role of the state in promoting development. It includes "Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies," by Robert Bates, "Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation," by Peter Evans and "The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time," by Karl Polanyi.
Political Science; Development Studies
Keywords: BATES; Robert H.; 1942-; EVANS; Peter; 1944-; Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation; Great Transformation; The (Book); Markets & States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (Book); nonfiction; state development

Economic Sociology’s Legacy to Corporate Governance, 2004 - Kahn, Faith Stevelman (2004)
This paper explores the intellectual tradition of Max Weber,Emil Durkheim, Joseph Shumpeter and Karl Polanyi — economic sociologists whose work has been largely ignored by corporate governance scholars focused on the more traditional areas of economics. The foundation laid by Weber is the central focus of the paper. Weber's writing in Economy and Society laid the groundwork for an approach to the study of firms and markets that diverges significantly from that in of the neoclassical economic model. Weber viewed firms and markets as being deeply embedded in and inseparable from the larger systems of social values and social structures that make a society durable. He grounded his view of economic action in a view of social action. Social actions are all deliberate (meaning purposive, which would include deliberately passive) acts undertaken in contemplation of others' acts and reactions. Transactions in money are generally social actions, since the value of money is determined by what people will decide to give you for it! Economic actions are constantly ormed by patterns of meaning, systems of power and social systems (the family....) that underlie them. From this perspective, the growth of the firm has as much to do with the need for rationalization and the rational/economic division of labor (esp. in a condition of limited liability) as it does with any immediate reduction of transaction costs. Rationality ( the struggle for meaning and systems that order chaos) is as pressing a force as efficiency. Recent writing in economics has come close to building a bridge back to economic sociology, especially with its interest in the effects (or lack of) trust in economic transacting as well as other "behavioral" variations. Economic sociology pursues these departures from qualitative rationality at the level of social structure, rather than individual psychological aberrancy. This paper tries to broader this more "socially" oriented view of the behavior of human beings in firms and markets. This intellectual background is related to contemporary issues in corporate governance legislation, and especially the Sarbanes Oxley reforms and then the increased demand for independent directors at public companies and mutual funds.
Law; Sociology
Keywords: DURKHEIM; Emile; WEBER; Max; 1864-1920; corporate governance; economic sociology; social action; social structure; socioeconomics

'Social Market Economy' as Europe's Social Model? - Joerges, Christian; Roedl, Florian (Social Science Research Network, 2004)
Europe continues to search for its - "European" - social model and the search seems to become increasingly urgent. It is no longer just the "democratic deficit", but also and alongside it, the "social deficit" of the EU which needs to be cured. That new concern is, in fact, a rejection of the older answers. According to the ordo-liberal interpretation of the European legal order as an "Economic Constitution" and, successively, in the analyses of the EU as a "Regulatory State", the sphere of social policy was to remain a domain of the nation state. This seems to have become impossible. The Constitutional Treaty, indeed, makes a new commitment: "The Union shall work for a Social Market Economy". This paper submits that this commitment is conceptually a failure, and politically not credible. The Convention preparing the Constitutional Treaty has apparently ignored the meaning of the concept in the form in which it was shaped in Germany's post-war period. This history entails some pitfalls for the Convention's intentions, as the German "Social Market Economy" involved not only a claim of integrating social concerns into the market economy, but also served to restrict claims for instruments of social policy remarkably at the same time. Moreover, the Convention has failed to confer a new and independent content to the concept of the "Social Market Economy", which could help to overcome the concept's ambivalent history, as well as the Union's real "social deficit". The few innovations, the Charter's Fundamental Social Rights and the Open Method of Co-ordination, were incorporated in such modest and non-committal forms that their potential to further the case for "social Europe" seems marginal. The paper concludes that the invocation of the "Social Market Economy" in the Constitutional Treaty is conceptually flawed and is politically an all too risky promise which may raise expectations which it will subsequently fail to deliver.
Law; Political Science
Keywords: constitution building; economic law; economic policy; governance; social deficit; social market economy; social policy

Agenda 2010: German social democracy and the market state - Thompson, Peter (Debatte, 2004)
Ideology is always for something. Who thought neoliberalism was any different? The post-Cold War provides an excellent laboratory in which to observe 20th c. civilization crumbling, even as it marches towards world markets unbounded by law or social principles. Through repetition and rhetorical sleight-of-hand, the market has robbed the state and thus the polis of its agency. Thus, Schroeder’s SPD is contemplating yet another retreat from the social democratic model, in favor of the post-welfare-state model already well established in the UK and America. And yet within the SPD ranks are breaking as members watch the party abdicate Germany’s basic social contract. These events are reminiscent of M. Polanyi’s The Great Transformation [1744], and they demonstrate once again Marx’s prescience.
Political Science; Germanic Studies
Keywords: Germany; Great Transformation; The (Book); Social Democratic party; markets; social democracy

The third way and the third world: poverty reduction and social inclusion in the rise of 'inclusive' liberalism - Porter, Doug; Craig, David (Review of International Political Economy, 2004)
In the wake of frank neo-liberalism, and in the context of rising security fears, ways are being found to provide market liberalism with a more inclusive face. The Poverty Reduction Strategies currently prominent in international development, and Thirdway OECD 'Social Inclusion' policy frames claim common purpose to promote 'opportunity, empowerment and security' for people and places on the peripheries of global economies and societies. They share commitments to global economic integration and openness, market led growth, 'good' and 'joined up' governance, local and social partnerships, and wide-ranging activation of 'capacities'. But the high rhetorical aspirations of liberalism to social 'inclusivity' have so far overreached empirical gains for the poor. Drawing on developing country examples of Poverty Reduction Strategy and public policy in New Zealand's current Labour government, this paper sketches salient features of 'inclusive' liberalism. It critically examines its status as a Polanyian turn within a wider liberal project, which seeks to re-embed and legitimate a liberal social and economic order.
Sociology; Political Science
Keywords: New Zealand; developing countries; international competition; international political economy; liberalism; political planning; poverty; poverty reduction; self-efficacy; social inclusion; third way

Disembedded Liberalism: Why global - Borowiak, Craig (2004)
Bringing together democratic theory and international political economy literatures, I begin with the thesis that economic globalization is undermining the embedded liberalism of the post WWII era. Embodied in the Keynsian welfare state, embedded liberalism held out democratic avenues for disaffected groups to hold political actors responsible for suffering induced by market forces. Transformations in the global economy, however, constrain the options available to governments and curtail avenues of democratic accountability. Some have argued that the market itself can provide an adequate alternative. This view is deeply flawed. Drawing from the economic theory of Hayek and Friedman, I discuss how markets can operate as accountability mechanisms. I then turn to Karl Polanyi to discuss how markets that become disembedded from social contexts induce severe consequences for society and the environment. These consequences exceed what markets alone can account for. What’s more, as Habermas has observed, the system logic of markets is incompatible with the deliberative contexts in which democratic decision-making takes place. To propose markets as the solution to democratic deficits is to miss the point that it is the substitution of markets for social regulation that generates many of the problems in the first place. It is also to ignore the ways markets undermine the very spaces in which legitimate solutions can be determined. Somehow the effects of market accountability need to be accounted for. For this, there can be no substitute for forms of democratic deliberation that are themselves not reducible to market pressures.
Political Science
Keywords: economics; globalization; international relations; liberalism; markets

'Spatial' relationships? Towards a reconceptualization of embeddedness - Hess, Martin (Progress in Human Geography, 2004)
The concept of embeddedness has gained much prominence in economic geography over the last decade, as much work has been done on the social and organizational foundations of economic activities and regional development. Unlike the original conceptualizations, however, embeddedness is mostly conceived of as a 'spatial' concept related to the local and regional levels of analysis. By revisiting the early literature on embeddedness - in particular the seminal work of Karl Polanyi and Mark Granovetter - and critically engaging with what I will call an 'overterritorialized' concept, a different view on the fundamental categories of embeddedness is proposed. This reconceptualization then is illustrated using the poststructuralist metaphor of a rhizome to interpret the notion of embeddedness and its applicability to different geographical scales.
Geography
Keywords: GRANOVETTER; Mark; associations; cosmography; economic geography; embeddedness; geography; global production networks; institutions; new regionalism; organization; rhizome; social networks; socioeconomics

Student Labor and Evolution of Education - Sidorkin, Alexander M. (World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution, 2004)
The evolution of teaching is examined in three stages: apprenticeship, classical schooling, and mass schooling. All three stages use different social technologies to operate. The mass schooling is analyzed from the point of view of economic anthropology developed by Karl Polanyi, as a non-market economic system. Mass schooling uses the forms of motivation found in archaic, tribal economies: students do their homework and attend school out of considerations of reciprocity. Schools must be treated differently with respect to their improvement. School improvement should be based on perfecting existing non-market economic mechanisms, not on plunging schools into market economy.
Anthropology
Keywords: POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; apprenticeship programs; economic anthropology; education; educational anthropology; evolution of education; motivation in education

How likely is a Post-Smithist 21st Century? - Cole, Constance H. (2004)
The current understanding of U.S. hegemony rests on the assumptions of neoclassical theories of both the state and the market. While the service-dominated economy is considered post- Fordist, the rhetoric of the state focuses on institutions of democracy. To what extent is our understanding of democracy dependent on the prior assumptions that the economy is ‘free’? If we reexamine the assumptions about the links between state and economy, drawing on the work of Gramsci, and Polanyi the necessary link between state and economy assumed in our current neoclassical theory looks quite different. The thesis of this research is that hegemonic ideologies of the relationship of state and market reinforce the interests of the commercial class at the expense of any meaningful representation of the working classes. Reconceptualizing the links between state and market in terms of an economics subordinate to social relations beyond those of commercial interests indicates the possibilities of a ‘post- Smithist’ understanding of both the imperfections of neoclassical market theories, and of the narrowness of institutional analyses.
Political Science; International Studies
Keywords: Fordism; Smithism; United States; democracy; economics; economy; hegemony; international; political; post; theory

The Culture War Goes Global: 'Family Values' and the Shape of U.S. Foreign Policy - Kline, Scott (2004)
Examines a neoconservative-religious right nexus that has emerged in and around the Bush White House. Discussion on the work of Karl Polanyi to examine a paradoxical tension that exists between U.S. nationalism and the promotion of a free-market economy; Family values nationalism and free market capitalism; Proposed two areas of critique that have been influenced by the work of Christian realists.
Politcal Science
Keywords: United States; capitalism; economic policy; free enterprise; international studies; nationalism; neo-conservatism; political doctrines

The Reconfiguration of the State under Economic Conditionality and the Creation of Hollow Democracies ? With Illustrations from Zambia - Lloyd, Peter (2004)
This paper will explore the linkages and contradictions between the promotion of democracy and the application of economic and political conditionality in Southern Africa, with particular reference to Zambia. Many electoral democracies have emerged in Africa in the last decade in conjunction with and partially as a consequence of the conditions applied to loans by bilateral and multilateral donors. It will be argued that the process of conditionality and the neoliberal policies applied actually inhibit the emergence of substantive democracy and present a threat to the consolidation and longevity of even minimal forms of liberal democracy. The conditions applied to aid represent an attempt to reconfigure the activities, capacity and capabilities of the state. Most significantly, they involve the imposition of a neoliberal economic model which is seen as technically necessary to tackle economic crisis and which due to the leverage offered donors by the indebtedness of recipient countries is uncontestable, yet require active state intervention to achieve (Polanyi’s insight that the creation of self regulating markets require regulatory state activity). A major area of state policy is thus placed beyond accountability to the electorate of the recipient country; this is also true of many aspects of political and social policy. The process of negotiation between the International Financial Institutions and representatives of countries (most often the President and a small group of politicians and advisors from the finance ministry) also promotes a concentration of power within the state as representatives must be able to adopt positions on the behalf of their country and enact agreed policies from the top down. Conditionality thus involves a reduction in the democratic accountability of the state in three ways: Firstly, as political authority shifts upwards to the international sphere, to the IFIs and donor community; secondly as power is centralised within the presidency and finance ministry; thirdly, the scope of democracy is limited as liberalisation and the strict separation of politics and economics are enforced, placing many elements of economic life beyond the reach of democratic institutions. Applying this framework to Zambia, it will be argued that consequently a very limited and hollow form of democracy where most of the important political and economic processes affecting people’s lives are unaccountable to them has been created, and that increasing disillusionment and political volatility are ensuing, possibly representing a threat to even this minimal democracy.
Political Science
Keywords: South Africa; democracy; economics; international studies; political doctrines; political science

Endogenous Preferences and Embeddedness: A Reappraisal of Karl Polanyi - Rodrigues, João (Journal of Economic Issues (Association for Evolutionary Economics), 2004)
This article examines the relevance of the Karl Polanyi's contributions to economics in general and to the issue of endogeneity of human preferences in particular. Although Polanyi never spoke of endogenous preferences, one can capture in his work a vision of the historical specificity and institutional dependence of human purposes and reasons for behavior. It is undeniable that in Polanyi there is a certain tendency to overlook human volition and to fall into a kind of institutional determinism. Nevertheless Polanyi recognizes the scope for deliberate human action when he defines institutions as the embodiments of human meaning and purposes. Furthermore, in Polanyi's work, there is a very clear awareness of the complexity of the motives for human action and a defense, which is continuously reaffirmed, of the plurality of reasons to act in economic interactions and their relation to the patterns of interaction that are dominant. Nevertheless, there is a lack of a clear and well-systematized account of the possible causal links by which institutions influence human preferences. His substantive economy takes morality into account, in the sense that its foundations lie on the recognition that man is a moral being with duties toward himself and others, with an understanding of what is good and what is bad and that these moral codes exert a powerful influence upon economic affairs.
Economics
Keywords: economic anthropology; embeddedness; endogenous preferences; ethics; human behavior; institutional economics; social sciences

Third Worldism and the lineages of global fascism: the regrouping of the global South in the neoliberal era - Patel, Rajeev; McMichael, Philip (Third World Quarterly, 2004)
We come to an analysis of Third Worldism through an historical understanding of the development project, one that locates Third Worldism as a moment in a broader series of resistances both to capital and colonialism, and to the techniques used by the state to maintain hegemony. Viewing Third Worldism in this wider context, we argue, enables us to not only explain the failure of Third Worldism to deliver on its vision of emancipation from colonialism, but to also explain the shape of contemporary resistance to the world capitalist order. We argue that the theory and practice of development depends on a certain biopolitics, rooted in a regime of sovereign state control, and designed to mobilise citizens in ways favourable to capital. We hold that Third Worldism embraced this form of sovereignty and its biopolitics. Further, by blending cultural studies analysis with a Polanyian interpretation of the rise of fascism, we argue that Third Worldism can be situated as a moment in the maturation of 'global fascism'. Finally, we argue that contemporary resistances to neoliberalism have recognised the complicity of the state with capital. These 'new internationalisms' arise from the ashes of Third Worldism, with an altered understanding of 'sovereignty' that challenges the trajectory of the Third World sovereign state.
Sociology; Development Studies
Keywords: biopolitics (sociobiology); capitalism; colonies; fascism; global capital; global fascism; hegemony; liberty; sovereignty (political science)

Social Exclusion in a Comparative Context - Reimer, Bill (Sociologia Ruralis, 2004)
This paper outlines a framework for understanding social exclusion that is multidimensional, dynamic, multi-leveled, and relational. Inspired by Polanyi's classification of the modes of economic inclusion, we propose that social inclusion and exclusion processes are rooted in four types of social relations: market (exchange and barter), bureaucratic (rational-legal), associative (common interest), and communal (complex reciprocity and shared identity). Each type reflects different, but integrated processes of social exclusion and inclusion. These four types are outlined conceptually, then operationalized using data from a Canadian survey conducted in 1995 rural households. The results show the extent to which the four types of relations are used for social support, their interdependence, and their relationship to selected household characteristics and outcomes. The policy implications discussed emphasize the ways in which building capacity in all four types of relations can increase the level of social inclusion.
Sociology
Keywords: Canada; economic inclusion; rural sociology; social exclusion

Debt Abides: A Prolegomena for Any Future Chapter 11 - Ayer, John D. (American Bankruptcy Law Journal, 2004)
This article presents information related to market transactions. As a mode of organization, markets are so pervasive in our own lives that it may be hard to think just how novel and contingent (in geologic time) they may be. It was economist Karl Polanyi who sought to isolate a juncture in this process of "becoming a market", the point at which the idea of the market transaction becomes not just a tool or an instrument, but a central organizing principle of social life. But it is not clear that even Polanyi would have been able to conceive a later stage, a stage in which the market becomes not merely a tool of the firm or an expression of sovereignty, but a substitute for the firm and for sovereignty itself.
Law; Political Science
Keywords: autonomy (Political science); international law; markets; organization; political science; social interaction

The Great Transformation in Understanding Polanyi: Reply to Hejeebu and McCloskey - Blyth, Mark (Critical Review, 2004)
Santhi Hejeebu and Deirdre McCloskey's rebuttal to Karl Polanyi's Great Transformation begs several important questions. Yes, commerce can be found throughout human history–but is that the same as saying that people have been equally capitalistic at all times? If not, then how did modern capitalism come into being? Hejeebu and McCloskey portray capitalism as having evolved gradually, indeed quite naturally, rather than being a contingent product of politics. Not inconsistently, Hejeebu and McCloskey radically distinguish between what people "think" and what they "do"–that is, between their ideas and their actions. This distinction, too, suggests that human action is ahistorically capitalistic–whatever human agents at different times and places might think.
Political Science
Keywords: Hejeebu; McCloskey; economic thought; history; modern capitalism

Pinochet meets Polanyi? The Curious Case of the Chilean Embrace of "Free" Market Economics - Cypher, Jame M. (Journal of Economic Issues, 2004)
This article argues, within the context of Karl Polanyi's work, that the common view of Chile is doubly miscontrued, in terms of free market economics. Events since the end of the dictatorship (1989) tend to confirm Polanyi's hypothesis in 'The Great Transformation' (1957; discussed in the following section) while at the same time negating the Chicago School's view that a free market society could be built–even under a dictatorship. In Chile from September 1973 onward through 1989, the Chicago School–inspired economists known as the Chicago Boys, engaged in what would appear to be the most determined utopian endeavor of economic liberalism to set up a self-regulating market system. It is the hypothesis of this paper that the Chicago School failed spectacularly in this effort and that the credit they have widely received for successfully remaking the Chilean economy properly belongs to the antithesis of the Chicago School–successful state-led efforts to restructure the economy and foster development. Far from the fictitious utopia of the free market, under the dictatorship the state was also heavily involved in projects designed to massively transfer economic rents to the private sector. Consistent with Polanyi's thesis, the Chicago School was able to drastically reduce Chile's social legislation, labor legislation, and social controls over the exploitation of the natural resources of Chile only within the context of a military dictatorship. While Chile's elected governments have embraced the Chicago School's faith in unlimited and unregulated free international trade, in the area of social legislation and labor legislation there are very strong indications that civil society is systematically and effectively striving to overcome the retrograde steps imposed by the dictatorship.
Economics
Keywords: Chicago school of economics; Chile; economic conditions; economics; free enterprise; politics and government

Heilbroner and Polanyi: A Shared Vision - Dimand, Robert W. (Social Research, 2004)
The article presents the shared vision of Polanyi and Heilbroner. This paper focuses on the parallel ideas of economists Karl Polanyi and Robert Heilbroner. Their concept on the role of market system in the emergence of economics as a field of study is explained. More issues included are the requirements for the transformation of a pre-market society into a true market, Polanyi's influence to several economists, and relevance of the Polanyi/Heilbroner vision of the market system to the postcommunist countries transition to the market.
Economics
Keywords: HEILBRONER; Robert; economics; economics - statistical methods; economists; markets; social sciences; societies; statistics

Re-Inventing Karl Polanyi: On the Contradictory Interpretations of Social Protectionism - Drahokoupil, Jan (Sociologický Časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 2004)
The ideas of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation have often been referred to in the recent debates that have emerged as a reaction to the rise of neoliberal policies. This paper deals with contradictory interpretations of the notion of social protectionism in the work of Karl Polanyi. There are two opposing interpretations distinguished here. The first interprets social protectionism as a balancing principle of economic liberalism. The second understands social protectionism as a part of market pathology. In order to assess the validity of competing interpretations, the author puts forth an account of social protectionism in the context of Polanyi's theory of the economy and society. The author concludes that the popular notion of social protectionism as a balancing principle of economic liberalism does not correspond to Polanyi's theory. In addition, the author offers a skeptical commentary on the utility of Polanyi for understanding social protectionism in social analysis.
Sociology; Economics
Keywords: critique; social protectionism

War and Social Change in Modern Europe: The Great Transformation Revisited - Halperin, Sandra (Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Halperin traces the persistence of traditional class structures during the development of industrial capitalism in Europe, and the way in which these structures shaped states and state behavior and generated conflict. She documents European conflicts between 1789 and 1914, including small and medium scale conflicts often ignored by researchers and links these conflicts to structures characteristic of industrial capitalist development in Europe before 1945. This book revisits the historical terrain of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation (1944), however, it argues that Polanyi's analysis is, in important ways, inaccurate and misleading. Ultimately, the book shows how and why the conflicts both culminated in the world wars and brought about a 'great transformation' in Europe. Its account of this period challenges not only Polanyi's analysis, but a variety of influential perspectives on nationalism, development, conflict, international systems change, and globalization.
Political Science
Keywords: Europe; history; international relations; political science - history and theory

Polanyi and the History of Capitalism: Rejoinder to Blyth - Hejeebu, Santhi; McCloskey, Deirdre (Critical Review, 2004)
Mark Blyth's rebuttal to our constructive critique of Polanyi "blithely" takes for granted the accuracy of Polanyi's now-outdated historiography of capitalism–by means of a loose, overly expansive definition of capitalism that question-beggingly equates it with modernity. Blyth emphasizes the need to view markets as "socially embedded," with which we agree–but he appears not to take account of the individual self-interest that is thus embedded. Similarly, he asserts a priori the role of ideas in history, in parallel to the economists he condemns (unfairly) for reading ideas out of history a priori. All of this poorly serves the cause of extracting Polanyi's welcome emphasis on social embeddedness and on the empirical from the ideological and methodological certitudes and errors in which The Great Transformation placed them.
Economics
Keywords: BLYTH; Mark; history of economic thought: individuals

The Meaning of Freedom in a Complex Society: The Development of Karl Polanyi's Thought on Economics, Modernity, and Human Liberty - Katsh, Gabriel (Harvard University, 2004)
Political Science
Keywords: freedom in a complex society

Desolation and Enlightenment: Political Knowledge After Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Holocaust - Katznelson, Ira (Columbia University Press, 2004)
During and especially after the Second World War, a group of leading scholars who had been perilously close to the war's devastation joined others fortunate enough to have been protected by distance in an effort to redefine and reinvigorate Western liberal ideals for a radically new age. Treating evil as an analytical category, they sought to discover the sources of twentieth-century horror and the potentialities of the modern state in the wake of western desolation. In the process, they devised strikingly new ways to understand politics, sociology and history that reverberate still. In this major intellectual history, Ira Katznelson examines the works of Hannah Arendt, Robert Dahl, Richard Hofstadter, Harold Lasswell, Charles Lindblom, Karl Polanyi, and David Truman, detailing their engagement with the larger project of reclaiming the West's moral bearing. In light of their epoch's calamities these intellectuals insisted that the tradition of Enlightenment thought required a new realism, a good deal of renovation, and much recommitment. This array of historians, political philosophers, and social scientists understood that a simple reassertion of liberal modernism had been made radically insufficient by the enormities and moral catastrophes of war, totalitarianism, and holocaust. Confronting their period's dashed hopes for reason and knowledge, they asked not just whether the Enlightenment should define modernity, but which Enlightenment we should wish to have. Decades later, in the midst of a new type of war and reanimated discussions of the concept of evil, we share no small stake in assessing their successes and limitations.
Sociology; Political Science
Keywords: ARENDT; Hannah; World War II; fascism; military history; political history; political philosophy; political theory; totalitarianism

Polanyi Symposium: a conversation on embeddedness - Krippner, Greta; Granovetter, Mark; Block, Fred; Biggart, Nicole; Beamish, Tom; Hsing, Youtien; Hart, Gillian; Arrighi, Giovanni; Mendell, Margie; Hall, John; Burawoy, Michael; Vogel, Steve; et al. (Socio-Economic Review (2004), 2004)
This conversation, transcribed from a conference in April 2002, is intended to illuminate current debates about the use and abuse of the embeddedness concept in economic sociology.
Sociology
Keywords: economic sociology; embeddedness; markets; symposium

Building a Solidarity Economy in the 21st Century - Lewis, Mike; Conaty, Patrick (Newsletter of the North American Network for the Solidarity Economy, 2004)
"If we don't set out a stronger theoretical base for our work, if the movements we build are simply pragmatic & without a sound intellectual base, we will not succeed in changing hearts and minds." Pat Conaty
N/A
Keywords: solidarity economy

Global liberalism, environmentalism and the changing boundaries of the political: Karl Polanyi's insights - Meyer, J.M. (Environmental Values in a Globalizing World: Nature, Justice and Governance, 2004)
Political Science
Keywords: environmentalism; global liberalism

Changing employment protection systems : Karl Polanyi's "Double Movement" and the evolution of federal labour standards in Australia 1979 to 2000 - Michelotti, Marco (Association of Industrial Relations Academics of Australia and New Zealand, 2004)
Yes
Management Studies; Business Studies
Keywords: Australia; double movement; industrial relations; labour standards

Globalization: People, Perspectives, and Progress - Mott, William H. (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004)
This study expands the narrow economic-commercial focus of the topical media and places globalization in a multidisciplinary context as a continuing process and a permanent condition that transforms human living and society. Early chapters review the development of globalization as creating and diffusing knowledge, expanding people's perspectives on living, and continuing progress. These chapters introduce globalization as an iterative, human, and deliberate process of creating new knowledge and using it to reinterpret the world, time, and man's place in both. The later chapters present the major analytical perspectives of globalization–political, cultural, and economic–and a comparison of the primary carriers of globalism and barriers to globalization.Drawing on classical and modern analysis, as well as narrow, topical journalism, the work focuses each perspective on people through the human processes of creating knowledge and living together. The work expands the economic perspective beyond the fashionable focus on trade and investment into the triggering and shadowing relationships between economic growth, political conflict, and social stress. The political perspective expands international politics and law to global governance, triadic dispute resolution, and global civil society. The cultural and antiglobal perspectives reflect the success of economic globalization in bringing people directly into the narrowly rational processes of international politics and economics. The final analytical chapter collects and compares observations and develops conclusions about globalization across the several perspectives. Speculation about alterative futures for globalizing humanity can constitute a coherent standard, ideal, or direction for policymaking, or an agenda for continuing research and debate.
Political Science
Keywords: comparative politics; political science; social science

Sustainable Development and the North American Free Trade Agreement: A Polanyian Interpretation - Plante, David J (University of Utah, 2004)
Political Science
Keywords: economic integration; environment and development; environment and trade; environmental accounts and accounting; environmental equity; population growth; sustainability; sustainable development; thesis; trade and environment

Karl Polanyi o la humildad de las ciencias sociales - Rendueles, César (NEXO. Revista de Filosofía, 2004)
EN: This essay proposes a periodization of Karl Polanyi’s work, from his early writings in Vienna to his anthropological work developed in the context of the substantivist-formalist discussion. The outstanding feature of this studies is the way they combine empirical sharpness with epistemological modesty. Unlike orthodox economy and imperialism theories, Polanyi doesn’t ignore the precarious theoretical situation of social science. His investigations are based on empirical thesis both broadly accepted and heuristically productive. Este artículo analiza las distintas fases de la obra de Karl Polanyi, desde sus pri- meros escritos en Viena a su obra antropológica en el contexto del debate entre sus- tativistas y formalistas. La principal virtud de estos estudios es su mezcla de acier- to empírico y modestia epistemológica. A diferencia de la economía ortodoxa o de las teorías del imperialismo, Polanyi no rehuye la precaria situación teórica de las ciencias sociales. Sus investigaciones se basan en tesis empíricas ampliamente aceptadas que, sin embargo, demuestran una notable vitalidad heurística.
Sociology
Keywords: Karl Polanyi; epistemology; periodization; social science

Introduction: Open Markets versus Welfare Citizenship: Conflicting Approaches to Policy Convergence in Europe - Taylor-Gooby, Peter (Social Policy & Administration, 2003)
Few would have predicted the rapid progress of the EU in developing common economic institutions 20 or 30 years ago, although many commentators might have foreseen the relatively slow development of convergent social policies. This paper sets the European debate in the context of the path-breaking work of Polanyi and Schumpeter at the end of the Second World War. It argues that the economic institutions of the EU are at least as important as the social policy institutions in understanding current developments, and suggests that a commitment to a broadly liberal market agenda at the economic level constrains and moulds social policies.
Sociology
Keywords: European Union; SCHUMPETER; Joseph Alois; 1883-1950; economic institutions; market; social policy; welfare state

The future of planning at the 'end of history' - Goonewardena, Kanishka (Planning Theory, 2003)
The hegemony of neoliberalism now poses a fundamental challenge to planners worldwide. Most influential in this regard has been Francis Fukuyama's 'end of history' ideology and its progenies - or mutations - such as the Third Way. A close reading of their proponents (especially Anthony Giddens) and critics (Perry Anderson, Pierre Bourdieu, Alex Callinicos, John Gray and others) with reference to the contrasting political-economic theories of Friedrich von Hayek and Karl Polanyi, however, reveals the fundamental contradictions of neoliberalism - especially between capitalism and democracy - and identifies for progressive planning the role of extending radical democracy to the realms of the state and the economy.
Geography
Keywords: BOURDIEU; Pierre; 1930-2002; FUKUYAMA; Francis; GIDDENS; Anthony; HABERMAS; Jurgen; neoliberalism; planning; social democracy

Beyond Social Democracy? Takis Fotopoulos' Vision of an Inclusive Democracy as a New Liberatory Project - Gare, Arran (Democracy & Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy, 2003)
Towards an Inclusive Democracy, it is argued, offers a powerful new interpretation of the history and destructive dynamics of the market and provides an inspiring new vision of the future in place of both neo-liberalism and existing forms of socialism. It is shown how this work synthesizes and develops Karl Polanyi's characterization of the relationship between society and the market and Cornelius Castoriadis' philosophy of autonomy. A central component of Fotopoulos' argument is that social democracy can provide no answer to neo-liberalism, so the only viable alternative to neo-liberalism is the form of inclusive democracy he elaborates. Reviewing Castoriadis' concept of autonomy, it is argued that while Fotopoulos is certainly correct given the present deformed nature of social democracy, there is no reason to exclude social democracy as such from what Fotopoulos calls the tradition of autonomy. It is suggested that if the working class movement could free itself from the capitalist imaginary and return to its quest for autonomy, a synthesis or a radically reformed social democracy and inclusive democracy could greatly improve the prospects of each to successfully challenge not only neo-liberalism, but also the emerging liberal fascism of USA, Britain and Australia.
Philosophy
Keywords: FOTOPOULOS; Takis; autonomy (political science); democracy; liberalism; political science; socialism

Global Transformation and Local Countermovements: The Prospects for Democracy Under Neoliberalism - Udayagiri, Mridula; Walton, John (International Journal of Comparative Sociology (Sage Publications, Ltd.), 2003)
This article compares Mexico and India's experiences with neoliberalism to propose that the collapse of the development state generates countermovements. In both nations, neoliberalism is associated with the decline of the one-party deminant system, and a restructuring of civil society. Variations emerge in the timing of democratization in these countries. In India, democratization preceded neoliberal reforms, whereas in Mexico democratization followed neoliberal reforms, but in both cases democratization mitigates the effects of neoliberalism on civil society. Conclusions drawn from the comparative analysis of Mexico and India concur with Karl Polanyi's proposition that there is a double movement of marketization and protectionest countermovements. The case studies suggest a pattern to these countermovements. Actors are confronted abruptly with threats to their well-being; not only economic threats but also environmental, political , and symbolic threats. The threatened value in each case is a former entitlement, typically a form of protection ensured by the state. Thus, even in the presence of countermovements, neoliberalism mediates a divergence of state and civil society relationships creating uncertain futures for democratic possibilities.
Sociology
Keywords: India; International Monetary Fund; Mexico; democracy; democratization; liberalism

The Great Transformation II: Human Rights Leapfrogging in the Era of Globalization - Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda (2003)
Whether globalization will result in improvement or deterioration in protection of human rights is not a matter that can be observed in the short term. Globalization is, in effect, the second ‘great transformation’ (Polanyi) spreading capitalism over the entire world. In consequence, many of its short-term effects will be negative. Nevertheless, its medium and long-term effects may well be positive, as it impels social changes that will result in greater moves to democracy, economic redistribution, the rule of law, and promotion of civil and political rights. Capitalism is a necessary, though hardly sufficient condition for democracy: democracy is the best, though not the inevitable, political system to protect human rights. This does not mean that the non-Western world will follow the exact same path to protection of human rights that the Western world followed. The West had a singular advantage: it was not expected to protect human rights during its own era of economic expansion. Thus, the West was able to practice slavery, expel surplus populations, and colonize other parts of the world. Genocide and ethnic cleaning were permissible state activities. The non-Western world does not enjoy the advantage of human rights lawlessness. It does, however, enjoy other advantages occasioned by the presence of human rights. There is a global communications network and a global pro-human rights social movement. There is also the movement to global governance. Finally, and paradoxically, there is the global social movement against globalization, which forces some reflection upon its deleterious consequences. Thus, the non-Western world benefits from geographical and chronological human rights ‘leapfrogging’. This, along with the social changes that global capitalism and industrialism may impel, may mean that the medium and long-term consequences of globalization are positive for human rights.
Political Science
Keywords: capitalism; democracy; globalization; human rights; human rights advocacy; social change

The World-Historical Origins of Pan-Islamic Nationalism in Iran - Araghi, Farshad (2003)
In examining the world-historical context of the rise of pan-Islamic nationalism in Iran, this paper posits Islamic fundamentalism as a modern and global (rather than premodern and local) movement. Drawing on Polanyi and linking economy, polity, and culture, this study traces the origins of pan-Islamic nationalism in Iran to the transformation of the world-market relations in the second half of the nineteenth century and the rise of the food/agrarian regime after 1870. It shows that the relations of the state and the mercantile classes with the world market led to conflicting developments, viz., the national "contraction" of the state on the one hand and the international "expansion" of commercial classes on the other hand. The latter, in the course of their struggles for state representation, merged with the rising pan-Islamic reaction against European expansion in the "Islamic world." Pan-Islamism, by its capacity for articulating the economic nationalism of the mercantile classes in ethical terms, mobilized the masses of people for the struggle for the nationalization of the state. Hence, as a historical form, modernity and nationalism in the late nineteenth century Iran took a nonsecular character. Later, the Cold War politics revivified the pan-Islamic component of Iranian nationalism, creating the context for the rise to power of fundamentalism in the 1980s. The paper warns against the reification of place and culture rooted in binary conceptualizations of the local and the global phenomena.
Sociology
Keywords: Iran; Islam; Islamic fundamentalism; culture; fundamentalism; market; nationalism; pan-Islamism; protestant fundamentalism; religion; religious fundamentalism; world; world-market relations

Labor Organizing and Neoliberal Politics - Rudy, Preston (2003)
Neo-liberal policies and practices which impugn state policies as artificial interferences in the smooth operation of markets are at work globally, nationally and locally. Based on research about the Justice for Janitors in California, this paper examines the experience of the campaigns in San Jose and Sacramento. The paper is organized around a tension between two issues about markets that are explained by Karl Polanyi: their social reality as complex political constructions and the ideological justification for disembedding markets, aka the "Liberal Creed". In both campaigns the Justice for Janitors exposed the embeddedness of employers. On the other hand, in the ideological construction of their campaigns, the Justice for Janitors have not clearly confronted the "liberal creed" that justifies neo-liberal market practices. The JfJ campaigns have been successful at creating accountability for employers and politicians by revealing the concrete social relations within which markets are embedded, though they have largely failed to articulate an oppositional ideology to the liberal creed. At a minimum confronting this creed would place the state as central to the construction of market practices. The successes at instituting accountability of employers to democratic communities and the centrality of the state in securing that accountability will be undermined unless JfJ exposes the flaws of the liberal creed and clearly explains the importance of the state in securing the justice they seek.
Sociology
Keywords: United States; ideology; labor; labour; liberal creed; liberalism; markets; neoliberalism; political planning

Debt Peonage in Granada, Nicaragua, 1870-1930: Labor in a Noncapitalist Transition - Dore, Elizabeth (Hispanic American Historical Review, 2003)
Revisits the debt peonage debate, central to understanding Latin American transitions to capitalism, particularly in Diormo, Granada, Nicaragua. Differences between capitalist and noncapitalist societies according to Karl Polanyi and Robert Brenner; Land peasantry in Diriomo; Legislation enacted to compel peasants to work in plantation agriculture.
History
Keywords: BRENNER; Robert; 1943-; Nicaragua; capitalism; debates and debating; history; labor laws & legislation; labour laws & legislation; peasants

Reinstituting the Economic Process: (Re)embedding the Economy in Society and Nature - Adaman, Fikret; Devine, Pat; Ozkaynak, Begum (International Review of Sociology, 2003)
Polanyi argued that the project of creating a fully self-regulating market was utopian, in the sense of impossible. However, movement towards this utopia, the ever greater but never completed process of disembedding the economy from both society and nature, creates growing dislocations and tensions which call forth a counter movement. This double movement may be thought of as successive changes in the way in which the economic process is instituted. The focus of the paper is on the meaning of embeddedness, the ways in which the economy was reinstituted during the Great Transformation and the subsequent counter movements, and alternative approaches to further reinstituting the economy in ways that disembed it further or (re)embed it more firmly in society and nature. It is argued that prior to the creation of the capitalist market the economy was organically embedded in society and nature. However, the creation of separate economic institutions, the institution of the economic process as a distinct system with its own laws of motion, severed these organic links and the economy came to dominate both society and nature. Here, however, the symmetry between society and nature ends. Society has the capacity for conscious, purposeful action; nature does not. For the economy to be reinstituted in ways that create a sustainable organic relationship with nature, it must first be reinstituted in ways that bring it under social control.
Sociology
Keywords: CAPITALISM; POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; SOCIAL control; UTOPIAS; capitalism; economic development; economic policy; embeddedness; nature; social control; utopias

The Forgotten Institution - Cangiani, Michele (International Review of Sociology, 2003)
Presents views of scholar Karl Polanyi on economic integration. Views of Polanyi on modern capitalist society; Distinction between external, local and internal markets by Polanyi. The three forms of economic integration include reciprocity, redistribution, and exchange. The article discusses Polyani's book "The Great Transformation," the development of market economies, the self-regulating market, some of the writings of Max Weber, big businesses, the efficiency of the market system, and social engineering.
History
Keywords: Great Transformation; The (Book); WEBER; Max; 1864-1920; big business; capitalism; international economic integration; social engineering

Institutions, Politics and Culture: a Polanyian Perspective on Economic Change - Harriss, John (International Review of Sociology, 2003)
Presents the perspective of philosopher Karl Polanyi on economic change. Works of Polanyi on the topic; Analysis of pre-modern economies by Polanyi. According to Jeffrey Nugent, institutions make social life fairly predictable by restricting some actions and providing incentives for other actions. The article discusses Polanyi's book "The Great Transformation," the self-regulating market economy, scarcity, individual choice, economic development in India, trust in India's corporate sector, new institutional economics, and distribution of private property rights.
Political Science; Sociology
Keywords: Great Transformation; The (Book); India; NUGENT; Jeffrey; economic development; institutional economics; personal property; philosophers; scarcity; social interaction

The Enforcement of Contracts and Property Rights: Constitutive versus Epiphenomenal Conceptions of Law - Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (International Review of Sociology, 2003)
Discusses various conceptions of law. Concept of law as an epiphenomenon of underlying structures; Views of economist Karl Marx on law. Discusses doctrine of individualism, constitutive role of law, property rights, contracts, the emergence of law, social ontology, the relations of individuals with social structures, self-organizing institutions, self-enforcement, Karl Polyani's view that self-regulating markets are unattainable, rule of law, social reality, and how the nature of legal relations affects socio-economic behavior.
Sociology
Keywords: MARX; Karl; 1818-1883; economists; individualism; law; personal property; rule of law; social reality; social structure; socioeconomics

Moral Philosophy and Economic Sociology: What MacIntyre Learnt from Polanyi - McMylor, Peter (International Review of Sociology, 2003)
Focuses on the issue of moral philosophy and economic sociology. Views of philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre on morality; Works on morality. Discusses morality in social science, Karl Polyani's writings on the social context of economic change, Marxist socialism, human cooperation, social relations, self-interest, moral responsibility, market order, public ownership, redistributive taxation, social welfare, Max Weber's ethic of responsibility, and the connections between MacIntyre's and Polyani's thoughts on morality.
Sociology
Keywords: MACINTYRE; Alasdair C.; Marxian economics; WEBER; Max; 1864-1920; ethics; moral and ethical aspects; philosophers; responsibility; social psychology; social sciences; socioeconomics; sociology

The Creation of the European Market for Mobile Telephony: Overview of an Instituted Process - Mina, Andrea (International Review of Sociology, 2003)
Focuses on the creation of the European market for mobile telephony. Merits of the global system for mobile communications; Reasons for the emergence for a market for mobile telephony. Discusses the socio-economic factors that influenced the development of the mobile telephony market, the writings of Karl Polyani, instituted process, the process of standardization, digital technology, European telecommunications during the 1980s, and the development of market structure in the global equipment industry.
Sociology
Keywords: Europe; global system for mobile communications; industrial organization (economic theory); instituted economic process; instituted process; mobile communication systems; standardization; telecommunication

Polanyian Perspectives on Instituted Economic Processes, Development and Transformation: Introduction - Ramlogan, Ronnie; Harvey, Mark (International Review of Sociology, 2003)
Focuses on the presentation 'Polanyian Perspectives on Instituted Economic Processes, Development and Transformation' at an international workshop held at Manchester, Connecticut. Organizer of the workshop; Theme of the workshop. The workshop was organized by the Centre for Research on Innovation and Competition. The article discusses varieties of capitalism, supply and demand, price formation, competition, economic motives, market economy, and the book "The Great Transformation," by Karl Polyani.
Sociology
Keywords: Connecticut; Great Transformation; The (Book); Manchester Conn.; POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; United States; capitalism; competition; supply and demand; workshops (adult education)

Issues for a Neo-Polanyian Research Agenda in Economic Sociology - Randles, Sally (International Review of Sociology, 2003)
Kari Polanyi Levitt has commented that her father's writing was met with a 'deafening silence' in England, a silence which she suggests is 'yet to be explained'. Given The Great Transformation was purposefully, situated in England Polanyi Levitt's point is an interesting one, and one which still deserves attention. But the last two decades have witnessed an intensification of interest in Karl Polanyi's methodological approach and theoretical insights, from England as well as elsewhere, and representing a range of disciplines. This raises a string of associated questions: interest from who? Why now? And how? Further we could ask: Does this new interest have the potential to redress the Polanyi Levitt charge without falling prey to an opposite one of misusing or abusing the Polanyi legacy? This paper contributes to the much larger agenda of examining in a serious way the usefulness and applicability of Polanyi's key ideas and methods, particularly as they apply to the burgeoning interest in markets and exchange within New Economic Sociology (NES). A sub-set of this agenda is to explore whether Polanyian insights provide a more nuanced and critical understanding of competitive processes and innovation than is currently available within Economics, Sociology or indeed Economic Sociology.
Sociology
Keywords: England; Great Transformation; The (Book); POLANYI LEVITT; Kari; POLANYI; Karl; 1886-1964; Polanyi's legacy; economic sociology; economics; socioeconomics; sociology

Karl Polanyi and the writing of The Great Transformation - Block, Fred (Theory & Society, 2003)
Karl Polanyi’s 1944 book, The Great Transformation , has been recognized as central for the field of economic sociology, but it has not been subject to the same theoretical scrutiny as other classic works in the field. This is a particular problem in that there are central tensions and complexities in Polanyi’s argument. This article suggests that these tensions can be understood as a consequence of Polanyi’s changing theoretical orientation. The basic outline of the book was developed in England in the late 1930s when Polanyi was working within a specific type of Marxist framework. However, as he was writing the book, he developed several new concepts, including fictitious commodities and the embedded economy, that led in new directions. Because circumstances did not give him the time to revise his manuscript, the book is marked by a tension between these different moments in his own theoretical development. The result is that Polanyi glimpses the concept of the always embedded market economy, but he does not name it or elaborate it.
Sociology
Keywords: Great Transformation; The (Book); capitalism; economics; sociology

For a Sociological Marxism: The Complementary Convergence of Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi - Burawoy, Michael (Politics & Society, 2003)
Analyzes the Marxist concept of society to interpret the rise and fall of communist orders, the shift from politics of class to politics of recognition, the transition from colonialism to postcolonialism and the development of an emergent transnationalism. Relationship between sociology and Marxism; Genesis of a sociological Marxism; Theorists of society and socialism.
Sociology
Keywords: GRAMSCI; Antonio; 1891-1937; administration and politics; communism and society; postcolonialism; socialism; sociology; transnationalism

The Near-Death of Liberal Capitalism: Perceptions from the Weber to the Polanyi Brothers - Roth, Guenther (Politics & Society, 2003)
Provides an overview of some critical moments in the history of liberal capitalism as perceived by some historical witnesses. Views of brothers Max and Alfred Weber on the world economy before 1914; Historical parallels to the introduction of euro bills and coins in January 2002; Access of Germany to the world market for demographic and geographic reasons.
Sociology
Keywords: Euro; POLANYI; Michael; 1891-1976; WEBER; Alfred; WEBER; Max; 1864-1920; administration and politics; capitalism; economics; history of liberal capitalism

Polanyi's 'Double Movement': The Belle Époques of British and U.S. Hegemony Compared - Silver, Beverly J.; Arrighi, Giovanni (Politics & Society, 2003)
Presents a comparative analysis of the double movement of the belle époque and collapse of British hegemony with the double movement of the late 20th and early 21st century belle époque and current crisis of U.S. hegemony. Emphasis on the book 'The Great Transformation,' by Karl Polanyi; Liberal crusade for free markets in the 1830s and 1840s; Role of Great Britain as the central entrepôt of world commerce and finance.
Sociology
Keywords: Great Britain; Great Transformation; The (Book); United States; administration and politics; commerce; double movement; free enterprise

Distributional Consequences of Globalization: Economic and Political Redistribution - Aktürk, Sener (Küresellesmenin Dagilimsal Sonuçlari ve Yeniden Siyasî Dagilim., 2003)
Bu makalede kresellesmenin ekonomik ve siyasi alanda sebep oldugu yeniden blsm (redistribution) incelenmektedir. Yazarin iddiasina gre, kresellesmeyie birlikte ekonomik alanda imalat sanayiinin, basta nc dnya lkeleri olmak zere, kresel dzlemdeki cografi yayilisina mukabil finans sektrnn merkezilesmesinde grlen yeni bir esit sosyo-ekonomik hiyerarsi ortaya ikmistir. Ekonomik alandaki bu yeniden yapilanmanin ve ortaya ikan bu "yeni hiyerarsi" nin sonucu olarak, siyasi alanda da kresellesmenin etkisi konuda ok nemli degisiklikleri gndeme getirmistir: Birincisi, devletlerin kendi i politikalari seviyesinde liberal bireycilige karsit sosyal ve cemaati akimlar glenmis, kresel liberalizm toplumsal bir karsi hareketin tepkisiyle yumusamak ve geri ekilmek zorunda kalmistir. Kresellesmenin bu makalede incelenen siyasi sonularindan diger ikisi, strasiyla, ulus-devletlerin kresellesme karsisinda ayakta kalabilmek iin blgesel organizasyonlar etrafinda bir aray gelerek glerini birlestirmeleri; dahasi, kresel hegemonyanin ve ekonomik liderligin ABD'den, basta Japonya ve in olmak zere Dogu Asya'ya geiyor olusudur. Yazar bu konudaki grslerini, kresellesmenin ekonomik boyutunu irdelerken Saskia Sassen, Manuel Castles ve Ronald Rogowski'den, siyasi boyutunu incelerken Karl Polanyi, Richard Falk, James Mittelman ve Giovanni Arrighi'nin alismalarindan yararlanarak destekliyor. (Turkish)
Political Science
Keywords: computer industry; economic activity; financial services industry; foreign investments; globalization; international trade; neoliberalism; technological innovations

Addressing the Negative Consequences of the Information Age Lessons from Karl Polanyi and the industrial revolution: A note on the politics of theorizing technology - Rogerson, Kenneth (Information, Communication & Society, 2003)
One of the great dilemmas of the information age is the tension between two dynamics: (1) the tendency of information to be free-flowing and not to lose its value as it moves and (2) the tendency to want to control that flow of information in order to profit from its value. In 1944, Karl Polanyi identified similar contradictions in the industrial revolution, except the flowing material was capital instead of information. He spent a lifetime exposing what he felt to be the negative consequences of this increasingly free-flowing capital, the hallmark of a free market economy. He advocated for a welfare state in which government intervention is necessary to control these negative effects. Given issues of the information age such as the digital divide, the commoditization of information, and security and privacy, as well as the arguments of the proponents and critics of these issues, Polanyi's concepts can provide insight into the complexities of increasingly technical and information-based societies.
Information Science; Media Studies
Keywords: industrial revolution; information technology

Idiosyncrasy and integration: suggestions from comparative political economy - Jones, Erik (Journal of European Public Policy, 2003)
There is a growing consensus in comparative political economy that 'globalization' is not eliminating the distinctive character of specific nation-states. Even in Europe, where formal integration between countries is most profound, nation-states remain idiosyncratic. Starting from this consensus, the questions I ask are: (a) how can we explain the coincidence of national idiosyncrasy and international integration; (b) what does our explanation tell us about processes of European integration? The answers, I argue, lie in two theoretical traditions – one stemming from Karl Polanyi's (1957) insistence on the social embeddedness of market institutions and the other from Gunnar Myrdal's (1956) interpretation of the cumulative causality behind integration at the national and international levels. Although well received in other areas, neither tradition has played much of a role in the study of the European Union. The article concludes by suggesting a research program that could develop from the interface between idiosyncrasy and integration.
Political Science
Keywords: MYRDAL; Gunnar; 1898-1987; convergence (economics); embeddedness; globalization; international political economy

Democracy and the Global System: A Contribution to the Critique of Liberal Internationalism - Biancardi, F. (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003)
Jacket abstract: "Democracy and the Global System analyses the relationship between liberal democracy and the global system while developing a critique of liberal internationalism. Fabian Biancardi examines some of the key questions of modern politics and the major ideas of a number of significant authors and texts, including Barrington Moore Jr., Karl Polanyi, Joseph Schumpeter, Samuel Huntington and David Held. While sympathetic to the aim of spreading liberal democracy globally, he demonstrates the many tensions and contradictions involved in achieving this outcome." Google books: What are the prospects of the liberal democratic form of state spreading throughout the world? Democracy and the Global System analyses the relationship between liberal democracy and the international system while developing a critique of liberal internationalism. Fabian Biancardi examines some of the key questions of modern politics and the major ideas of a number of significant authors and texts. While sympathetic to the aim of spreading liberal democracy, he demonstrates the many tensions and contradictions involved in achieving this outcome.
Political Science
Keywords: democracy; international relations; political ideologies; political science

Economic Rationality and Globalization: A Feminist Perspective - Beneria, Lourdes (Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man, 2003)
KM: a section focuses on Polanyi's analysis of the social and political construction of markets and of "market society" in Europe, and then discusses the extent to which this type of analysis can be applied to the formation of global markets in the late twentieth century. It then looks at gender dimensions and the tension between the assumptions of economic rationality associated with market behaviour and the real-life experiences of women and men. Beneria then extends this analysis to the effects on women of globalization and the feminization of the labour force.
Economics
Keywords: feminism; feminization of labour force; gender; globalization; market society

Social Capital, Karl Polanyi, and American Social and Institutional Economics - Carroll, Michael C.; Stanfield, James Ronald (Journal of Economic Issues, 2003)
Economics
Keywords: World Bank; communities; division of labor; evolutionary economics; institutional economics; market economies; market economy; social capital; social networks; socioeconomics; solidarity

The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi/Karl Polanyi in Vienna: The Contemporary Significance of The Great Transformation - Dimand, Robert (Review of Radical Political Economics, 2003)
This article reviews two books about the thoughts of economist Karl Polanyi including "The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi," edited by Kari Polanyi-Levitt, and "Karl Polanyi in Vienna: The Contemporary Significance of the Great Transformation," edited by Kenneth McRobbie and Polanyi-Levitt.
Economics
Keywords: Karl Polanyi in Vienna: The Contemporary Significance of The Great Transformation (Book); Life and Work of Karl Polanyi; The (Book); MCROBBIE; Kenneth; POLANYI LEVITT; Kari; book review; economics; nonfiction

War and Social Change in Modern Europe: The Great Transformation Revisited - Halperin, Sandra (2003)
Halperin traces the persistence of traditional class structures during the development of industrial capitalism in Europe, and the way in which these structures shaped states and state behavior and generated conflict. She documents European conflicts between 1789 and 1914, including small and medium scale conflicts often ignored by researchers and links these conflicts to structures characteristic of industrial capitalist development in Europe before 1945. This book revisits the historical terrain of Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation (1944), however, it argues that Polanyi's analysis is, in important ways, inaccurate and misleading. Ultimately, the book shows how and why the conflicts both culminated in the world wars and brought about a 'great transformation' in Europe. Its account of this period challenges not only Polanyi's analysis, but a variety of influential perspectives on nationalism, development, conflict, international systems change, and globalization.
History
Keywords: Great Transformation; The (Book); capitalism; class; critique; nationalism